The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Anthrax toxin: channel-forming activity of protective antigen in planar phospholipid bilayers.
Open accessAbstract
The three separate proteins that make up anthrax toxin--protective antigen (PA), edema factor (EF), and lethal factor (LF)--act in binary combinations to produce two distinct reactions in experimental animals: edema (PA + EF) and death (PA + LF). PA is believed to interact with a membrane receptor, and after proteolytic processing, to mediate endocytosis and subsequent translocation of EF or LF into the cytosol. PA can be separated, after mild trypsinolysis, into two fragments, PA65 (65 kDa) and PA20 (20 kDa). We demonstrate that trypsin-cleaved PA is capable of forming cation-selective channels in planar phospholipid bilayer membranes and that this activity is confined to the PA65 fragment; PA20, LF, and EF are devoid of channel-forming activity. These PA65 channels exhibit pH-dependent and voltage-dependent activity--a property reminiscent of the channels formed by the two-chain proteins diphtheria, tetanus, and botulinum toxins.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4
LAEMMLI, U. K. (1970) · Nature · doi:10.1038/227680a0 · Cited by 249,961
Raza, H., John, A., & Nemmar, A. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350087 · Cited by 47,221
Leppla, S. H. (1982) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.79.10.3162 · Cited by 935
Macrophages are sensitive to anthrax lethal toxin through an acid-dependent process.
Friedlander, A. M. (1986) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)38364-3 · Cited by 612
Molecular Pharmacology of Botulinum Toxin and Tetanus Toxin
Simpson, L. L. (1986) · Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology · doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.26.040186.002235 · Cited by 468
Diphtheria toxin fragment forms large pores in phospholipid bilayer membranes.
Kagan, B. L., Finkelstein, A., & Colombini, M. (1981) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.78.8.4950 · Cited by 334
Self-citationLeppla, S. H. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 165
Sequence and analysis of the DNA encoding protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis
Welkos, S. L., Lowe, J. R., Eden-McCutchan, F., et al. (1988) · Gene · doi:10.1016/0378-1119(88)90439-8 · Cited by 162
[50] Formation of bimolecular membranes from lipid monolayers
Montal, M. (1974) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(74)32053-8 · Cited by 128
Elaboration of Bacillus anthracis Antigens in a New, Defined Culture Medium
Ristroph, J. D., & Ivins, B. E. (1983) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.39.1.483-486.1983 · Cited by 110
Cited by
Anthrax Toxin: Receptor Binding, Internalization, Pore Formation, and Translocation
Young, J. A. T., & Collier, R. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Biochemistry · doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.75.103004.142728 · Cited by 601
Self-citationPore-forming protein toxins: from structure to function
Parker, M. W., & Feil, S. C. (2005) · Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2004.01.009 · Cited by 468
Anthrax protective antigen forms oligomers during intoxication of mammalian cells.
Milne, J. C., Furlong, D., Hanna, P. C., Wall, J. S., & Collier, R. J. (1994) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32036-7 · Cited by 395
Self-citationBacterial Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins (Vip) from Entomopathogenic Bacteria
Chakroun, M., Banyuls, N., Bel, Y., Escriche, B., & Ferré, J. (2016) · Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews · doi:10.1128/mmbr.00060-15 · Cited by 305
Bacterial pore-forming toxins: The (w)hole story?
Gonzalez, M. R., Bischofberger, M., Pernot, L., van der Goot, F. G., & Frêche, B. (2008) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-007-7434-y · Cited by 262
Metadata
- Authors
- Blaustein, R. O., Koehler, T. M., Collier, R. J., & Finkelstein, A.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1989-04
- Volume
- 86
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 2209-2213
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- OpenAlex
- W2054027422
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 1.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Anthrax toxin: channel-forming activity of protective antigen in planar phospholipid bilayers. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.86.7.2209
- The paper
- Blaustein, R. O., Koehler, T. M., Collier, R. J., & Finkelstein, A. (1989). Anthrax toxin: channel-forming activity of protective antigen in planar phospholipid bilayers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.7.2209
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
