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Atomic force microscopy of long DNA: imaging in air and under water.
Open accessAbstract
We have obtained striking atomic force microscopy images of the intact lambda bacteriophage genome and of several lambda restriction fragments both in air and under water. The DNA is unstained and the images are stable under continuous scanning for up to 30 min. Measured contour lengths of fully imaged restriction fragments and intact lambda DNA are accurate to within a few percent. The key to this development is the use of a process for binding unmodified double-stranded DNA to chemically treated mica surfaces. This procedure leads to strong DNA attachment and yields high-quality images that are stable under repeated scanning, even with the sample submerged in water. This allows normal hydration conditions to be maintained during scanning and in addition leads to a general improvement of image quality. Both the lateral resolution and the contrast increase by a factor of approximately 3 under water.
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“AFM has been indicated as a proper tool for micelles size determination due to its ability to distinguish particles with different dimensions in a mixture as well as to operate at room temperature, thus allowing the analysis of biological samples close to native and physiological conditions [133,[154][155][156].”
From Polymeric micelles in drug delivery: An insight of the techniques for their characterization and assessment in biorelevant conditions (2021) · cites this paper as [154]
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Ghezzi, M., Pescina, S., Padula, C., Santi, P., Del Favero, E., Cantù, L., & Nicoli, S. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.031 · Cited by 1,135
Preparation of DNA and nucleoprotein samples for AFM imaging
Lyubchenko, Y. L. (2011) · Micron · doi:10.1016/j.micron.2010.08.011 · Cited by 93
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lyubchenko, Y., Shlyakhtenko, L., Harrington, R., Oden, P., & Lindsay, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Nevada, Reno (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1993-03-15
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2137-2140
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC46040
- OpenAlex
- W2170678696
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Force Microscopy Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Advanced biosensing and bioanalysis techniques
- Keywords
- DNA imaging, restriction fragments, DNA contour length, DNA hydration, image stability, lateral resolution, image contrast
- MeSH terms
- DNA, Viral, Microscopy, Oligodeoxyribonucleotides, Bacteriophage lambda, Genome, Viral
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Atomic force microscopy of long DNA: imaging in air and under water. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1073/pnas.90.6.2137
- The paper
- Lyubchenko, Y., Shlyakhtenko, L., Harrington, R., Oden, P., & Lindsay, S. (1993). Atomic force microscopy of long DNA: imaging in air and under water. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.90.6.2137
