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Hypsographic demography: The distribution of human population by altitude

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Cohen, Joel E., Small, Christopher·1998·Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009PMC PMC24316

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Abstract

The global distribution of the human population by elevation is quantified here. As of 1994, an estimated 1.88 × 10 9 people, or 33.5% of the world’s population, lived within 100 vertical meters of sea level, but only 15.6% of all inhabited land lies below 100 m elevation. The median person lived at an elevation of 194 m above sea level. Numbers of people decreased faster than exponentially with increasing elevation. The integrated population density (IPD, the number of people divided by the land area) within 100 vertical meters of sea level was significantly larger than that of any other range of elevations and represented far more people. A significant percentage of the low-elevation population lived at moderate population densities rather than at the highest densities of central large cities. Assessments of coastal hazards that focus only on large cities may substantially underestimate the number of people who could be affected.

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Authors: Cohen, J. E., & Small, C.
Affiliations: Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (US)
ORCID: Cohen, Joel E.
Small, Christopher
Venue: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Published: 1998-11-24
Volume: 95
Issue: 24
Pages: 14009-14014
ISSN: 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
1091-6490
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14009
PMC: PMC24316
OpenAlex: W1977481540
Cited by: 290
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 3
FWCI: 1.37
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
europepmc.org
Locations: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change, Adaptation, Migration
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
Keywords: human population distribution, altitude, hypsography, population density, coastal hazards, sea level rise, urban population
MeSH terms: Altitude, Demography, Geography, Humans, Population Density

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Hypsographic demography: The distribution of human population by altitude

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