The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Verb generation in patients with focal frontal lesions: A neuropsychological test of neuroimaging findings
Open accessAbstract
What are the neural bases of semantic memory? Traditional beliefs that the temporal lobes subserve the retrieval of semantic knowledge, arising from lesion studies, have been recently called into question by functional neuroimaging studies finding correlations between semantic retrieval and activity in left prefrontal cortex. Has neuroimaging taught us something new about the neural bases of cognition that older methods could not reveal or has it merely identified brain activity that is correlated with but not causally related to the process of semantic retrieval? We examined the ability of patients with focal frontal lesions to perform a task commonly used in neuroimaging experiments, the generation of semantically appropriate action words for concrete nouns, and found evidence of the necessity of the left inferior frontal gyrus for certain components of the verb generation task. Notably, these components did not include semantic retrieval per se.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Neuropsychological investigations have shown that verbal fluency, as measured by the ability to generate lists of words aloud under time constraint, relies on the coordinated activity of a number of brain areas, particularly in the frontal and temporal lobes of the left hemisphere.”
From Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency (2010) · cites this paper as Thompson-Schill et al., 1998
In the citing paper
“Damage to the left frontal lobe, especially to left inferior frontal cortex (LIFC) has consistently been shown to impair verbal fluency, even in patients who are not overtly aphasic (e.g., Baldo & Shimamura, 1998; Milner, 1964; Thompson-Schill et al., 1998).”
From Neural systems supporting lexical search guided by letter and semantic category cues: a self-paced overt response fMRI study of verbal fluency (2010) · cites this paper as Thompson-Schill et al., 1998
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The assessment of aphasia and related disorders
Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1972) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,258
Assessment of Aphasia and Related Disorders
Sarno, M. T. (1973) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/53.2.225b · Cited by 2,256
Role of left inferior prefrontal cortex in retrieval of semantic knowledge: A reevaluation
Thompson‐Schill, S. L., D’Esposito, M., Aguirre, G. K., & Farah, M. J. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.26.14792 · Cited by 2,137
SEMANTIC DEMENTIA: PROGRESSIVE FLUENT APHASIA WITH TEMPORAL LOBE ATROPHY
HODGES, J. R., PATTERSON, K., OXBURY, S., & FUNNELL, E. (1992) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/115.6.1783 · Cited by 1,710
Topography Of Cognition: Parallel Distributed Networks In Primate Association Cortex
Goldman‐Rakic, P. S. (1988) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.11.030188.001033 · Cited by 1,658
Practice-related Changes in Human Brain Functional Anatomy during Nonmotor Learning
Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A.-M. K., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Petersen, S. E. (1994) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/4.1.8 · Cited by 1,593
Context, cortex, and dopamine: A connectionist approach to behavior and biology in schizophrenia.
Cohen, J. D., & Servan‐Schreiber, D. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.1.45 · Cited by 1,513
Positron Emission Tomographic Studies of the Processing of Singe Words
Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M. A., & Raichle, M. E. (1989) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1989.1.2.153 · Cited by 1,298
Nass, R. D. (1984) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410160524 · Cited by 1,081
Discrete Cortical Regions Associated with Knowledge of Color and Knowledge of Action
Martin, A. D., Haxby, J. V., Lalonde, F. M., Wiggs, C. L., & Ungerleider, L. G. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.270.5233.102 · Cited by 1,079
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1037/0894-4105.12.2.259 · DOI · Paper page
- E M Saffran, M F Schwartz Conscious and Nonconscious Information Processing: Attention and Performance XV, eds C Umilta, M Moscovitch (MIT Press, Cambridge), pp. 507–534 (1994).
- 10.1037/0003-066X.51.1.13 · DOI
- Miller E. K. (in press) in Attention Space and Action: Studies in Cognitive Neuroscience eds. Humphreys G. W. Duncan J. & Treisman A. M. (Oxford Univ. Press Oxford).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–488 of 488
Kognitive Neurologie und Neuropsychologie
Danek, A., & Göhringer, T. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-26841-3_3 · Cited by 2
Children’s Use of Syntax In Word Learning
Lidz, J. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.10 · Cited by 2
Phonological Abstraction in The Mental Lexicon
Bakovic, E. J., Heinz, J. N., & Rawski, J. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.14 · Cited by 2
Auditory verb generation performance patterns dissociate variants of primary progressive aphasia.Preprint
Lukic, S., Licata, A. E., Weis, E., Bogley, R., Ratnasiri, B. M., Welch, A. E., Hinkley, L. B. N., Miller, Z., García, A. M., Houde, J. F., et al. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ajy7m · Cited by 2
Nozari, N., & Pinet, S. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/x9wq7 · Cited by 2
“In the broader literature, LIFG’s activity is hypothesized to reflect the implementation of top-down control by biasing competition towards one (usually the more goal-compatible) of the two or more representations competing for selection (Thompson-Schill, D’Esposito, Aguirre, & Farah, 1997; Thompson-Schill et al., 199…”
BackgroundThe neurocognitive mechanisms of spelling
Tao, Y., & Rapp, B. C. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00121-2 · Cited by 2
Racing thoughts : psychopathological and cognitive mechanisms
Mendes, L. W. H. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/83284c8fzb435z46daz8605z5a6ded575f82 · Cited by 2
Functional MRI: Cognitive Neuroscience Applications
Kayser, A. S., Chen, A. J.-W., & D’Esposito, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10909-6_38 · Cited by 2
Shibata, H., & Ogawa, K. (2024) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2024.101191 · Cited by 1
Quantifier processing and semantic flexibility in patients with aphasia
Reißner, B., Grohmann, W., Peiseler, N., Pinho, J., Hußmann, K., Werner, C. J., & Heim, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1328853 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Neuroscience Applications
D’Esposito, M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1329-6_10 · Cited by 1
Decreased Fronto-Temporal Interaction during Fixation after Memory Retrieval
Katsura, M., Hirose, S., Sasaki, H., Mori, H., Kunimatsu, A., Ohtomo, K., Jimura, K., & Konishi, S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0110798 · Cited by 1
“It has also been proposed that the lateral prefrontal cortex, especially the inferior prefrontal cortex, subserves selection of semantic information among competing alternatives [1,2,8].”
BackgroundFunctional MRI: Approaches to Cognitive Neuroscience Applications
D’Esposito, M., Sreenivasan, K. K., & Kayser, A. (2015) · Biological magnetic resonance · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-7591-1_18 · Cited by 1
Memory: structure, function, and dysfunction
Piguet, O., & Corkin, S. (2008) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203938904-35 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Neuroscience Applications
D’Esposito, M. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-387-34665-1_18 · Cited by 1
Can Neural Imaging Investigate Learning in an Educational Task?
Anderson, J. R., Fincham, J. M., Ferris, J. L., & Betts, S. (2018) · doi:10.1184/r1/6613814 · Cited by 1
Nostadt, A., Nitsche, M. A., Tegenthoff, M., & Lissek, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-47704-6 · Cited by 1
“The left iFG is also involved in executive functions and is assumed to play a key role in inhibitory con-trol, the selection of semantic information 53 , and directly interferes with working memory 47,54 .”
BackgroundComparação das habilidades de comunicação na depressão de início tardio e doença de Alzheimer
Novaretti, T. M. D. S. (2009) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2009.tde-02062009-104334 · Cited by 1
Disorders of Language Due to Frontal Injury
ALEXANDER, M. P. (2004) · Higher Brain Function Research · doi:10.2496/hbfr.24.105 · Cited by 1
Abstracts 20th International Science of Aphasia Conference, Rome, September 2019
Sstp, R. (2019) · Stem- Spraak- en Taalpathologie · doi:10.21827/5d8b76574cc25 · Cited by 1
Identifying the neural dynamics of category decisions with computational model-based fMRIPreprint
Heffernan, E., Adema, J. D., & Mack, M. L. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/xuzg6 · Cited by 1
“Additionally, human work points to a specific role for LPFC in the control of memory retrieval, particularly in the face of ambiguity and competing information (e.g., Badre & Nee, 2018; Thompson-Schill et al., 1998).”
BackgroundLexical Competition Effects in Aphasia
Cameron-Jones, C. M. L. (2008) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16959316 · Cited by 1
Functional MRI: Cognitive Neuroscience Applications
D’Esposito, M., Kayser, A. S., & Chen, A. J.-W. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-1995-6_20 · Cited by 1
Rodd, J. M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.1 · Cited by 2
The Structure of The Lexical Item and Sentence Meaning Composition
Piñango, M. M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.13 · Cited by 1
Systematicity and Arbitrariness In Language
Yang, C. D. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.9 · Cited by 1
Neural encoding of speech and word forms
Poeppel, D., & Sun, Y. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.16 · Cited by 1
Disorders of Lexical Access And Production
Mirman, D., & Middleton, E. L. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.28 · Cited by 1
Differences in vocabulary growth across groups and individuals
Potter, C. E., & Lew‐Williams, C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.22 · Cited by 1
Lexical representation and access in sign languages
Mayberry, R. I., & Wille, B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.27 · Cited by 1
Mole, J. A., & Cipolotti, L. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00111-0 · Cited by 1
Shekari, E., & Nozari, N. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/kwf4r · Cited by 1
Contributions of executive control to individual differences in word production
Shao, Z. (2013) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 1
THE NEURAL SUBSTRATES UNDERLYING BOTH SPELLING AND READING
Purcell, J. J. (2012) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 1
Veselis, R. A. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-322-4_3
Pereira, J. B. (2012) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Deficits of semantic cognition in stroke aphasia: Underlying causes and ameliorating factors
Thompson, H. E. (2012) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
The cognitive and neural basis of semantic control:A neuropsychological investigation
Almaghyuli, A. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Commentary: A Neural Systems Perspective for Improving Behavioral Treatments for Autism
Gordon, B. (2000) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/a:1005528313179
Estructuras y funciones del lenguaje: de los datos anatomo-clínicos a la imagen funcional
Siksou, M. (2005) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Relational Model of Conceptual Distance between Bangla Words
Mukhopadhyay, S., Das, S., & Roychoudhury, R. (2015) · Journal of Quantitative Linguistics · doi:10.1080/09296174.2014.1001638
“, 2006) The relatedness between words is supposed to reflect the concept of words rather than the anticipation of a formal meaning (Thompson-Schill et al., 1998).”
BackgroundObject rivalry: Competition between incompatible representations of the same object
Hindy, N. C. (2012) · ScholarlyCommons (University of Pennsylvania)
Sebastian, R. (2010) · Texas ScholarWorks (Texas Digital Library)
The effects of priming on frontal-temporal
Ghuman, S., Bar, M., Dobbins, I. G., & Schnyer, D. M. (2008)
Kjelvik, G. (2012) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Multi-modality assessment of language function
Brown, E. C. (2013) · Human Biology
Electrophysiological investigations of lexical ambiguity resolution
Lee, C. (2010) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign)
Maia, I. (2015) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · doi:10.34626/y66s-e435
Nathaniel, U. (2016) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Messel, M. S. (2017) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Exploring the lexical competition and repetition priming effects in L2 verb generation
Fan, L., Wang, Z., Hong, N., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2018.1507307
“Results of previous studies lend support to the role of lexical competition effects in L1 verb generation (e.g., Crescentini et al., 2008, 2009; Lepron et al., 2009; Persson et al., 2004; Prull, 2010, 2013; Thompson-Schill et al., 1998).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLanguage and Cognitive Functions in a Neurological Tumour Population: A Long-Term Follow-Up Study
Fowler, K. (2018) · Open Access Victoria University of Wellington | Te Herenga Waka (Figshare) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17134817
“significant impairment according to Crawford and Howell’s (1998) modified t test.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialIyoki, N., & Kawasaki, M. (2019) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001204
An Investigation of Neural Mechanisms Underlying Verb Morphology Deficits in AphasiaPreprint
Pifer, M., Brodbeck, C. J., & Yasmeen Faroqi-shah, A. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.05.28.445987
History of Functional Brain Imaging
Cole, M., Sozda, C. N., & D’Esposito, M. (2020) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199765683.013.47
Lexical Competition Effects in Aphasia
Cameron-Jones, C. M. L. (2008) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16959316.v1
Learning and Using Written Word Forms
Rebecca Treiman, A., & Kessler, B. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.24
Learning words amidst speech sound variability
Creel, S. C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.7
The Dynamics of Word Production
Kilbourn-Ceron, O., & Goldrick, M. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.25
How Learners Move From Sound To Morphology
Demuth, K. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.8
Crain, S. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.11
Αλεξιάδου, Ά. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.2
Gleitman, L. R., & Trueswell, J. C. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.30
Anna Papafragou, A., Trueswell, J. C., & Gleitman, L. R. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.29
Hacquard, V. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.4
Stojnić, G., & Lepore, E. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.013.20
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0088
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0006
(2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198845003.002.0004
Awake brain surgery: toward optimal cognitive explorations
Salillas, E., Pellegrin, S. D., & Semenza, C. (2024) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2024.1369462
Cognitive control in written word production
Neophytou, K., Wiley, R. W., & Rapp, B. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Language Sciences · doi:10.3389/flang.2024.1398125
Hernández, M., Gasa‐Roqué, A., Gómez-Andrés, A., Lau, R., Rico, I., Juncadella, M., Camins, À., Rodríguez‐Fornells, A., & Gabarrós, A. (2025) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105641
Memory Attribution and Cognitive Control
Dobbins, I. G. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397025-1.00279-7
Ovando‐Tellez, M. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c78e9d5ez77d2z4afczb6b7za8334d6f765c
Brain signatures of semantic activation for words that do not existPreprint
Bonandrini, R., Amenta, S., Sulpizio, S., Basso, G., Marelli, M., & Tettamanti, M. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.04.29.721646
The category internal structure in Chinese-speaking people with aphasia
Hu, M., & Chang, H. (2026) · Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/langcog.2026.10085
“Other studies (e.g., Crutch & Warrington, 2008; Humphreys & Forde, 2005; Jefferies et al., 2008; Jefferies & Lambon Ralph, 2006; Thompson-Schill et al., 1998) claim that category production fails not because knowledge is lost, but because patients cannot efficiently access, select, or inhibit…”
Azar, R., Waters, E. L., Opong-Duah, J., Cacchione, P. Z., & Johnson, M. J. (2025) · International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering · doi:10.1109/ner61569.2025.11589029
“Although CT scans lack contrast sensitivity when compared to other forms of imaging (MRI), many researchers have used both CT and MR together to acquire lesion metrics [12], [13].”
Quantifier processing and semantic flexibility in patients with aphasia
Bender, B. (2026) · RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen)
Noun and Verb (Re)learning: A Comparative Perspective on Acquisition and Post‐Stroke Aphasia
Li, R., & He, A. X. (2026) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.70050
Cano-Melle, C., Lluesma-Martín, M., Narganes-Pineda, C., Ramírez-Guerrero, J. J., Chica, A. B., & Ávila, C. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.122263
Harvey, D. Y., Stoll, H., & Hamilton, R. H. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.09.28.755022
“Among the proposed contributions of the LIFG to word production, competition-resolution accounts emphasize its role in selecting an appropriate response among activated alternatives, particularly when selection demands are high (Thompson-Schill et al., 1997, 1998).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Thompson-Schill, S. L., Swick, D., Farah, M. J., D’Esposito, M., Kan, I. P., & Knight, R. T.
- Affiliations
- Departments of Psychology and Neurology, 3815 Walnut Street, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, VA Medical Center, 150 Muir Road, Martinez, CA 94553
- Martinez VA Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 1998-12-22
- Volume
- 95
- Issue
- 26
- Pages
- 15855-15860
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC28134
- OpenAlex
- W2130466221
- Cited by
- 488
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 35
- FWCI
- 4.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns034030-07, 1r03dc003023-01, 2r01ns021135-33, NS01762, NS21135, AG13483)
- National Institute on Aging (F32AG005743, AG05743, Z01AG000756)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC03023)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS34030, R56NS021135, R37NS021135, R01 NS-021135)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- verb generation, left inferior frontal gyrus, semantic memory, semantic search, action words, concrete nouns, prefrontal cortex, neuropsychological assessment, neural basis of cognition, temporal lobe
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Brain Mapping, Brain Neoplasms, Cerebral Infarction, Female, Frontal Lobe, Humans, Language, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Meningeal Neoplasms, Meningioma, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Verbal Behavior, Vocabulary
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
