Characterization of RAC3, a Novel Member of the Rho Family
Open accessAbstract
The small GTP-binding proteins Rac1 and Rac2 are critically important in regulating multiple signal transduction pathways in eukaryotic cells. Here we report the isolation of a novel third Rac family member, Rac3. Rac3 differs from Rac1/2 at its carboxyl-terminal end, a domain associated with subcellular localization and binding to specific cellular regulators. RAC3 mRNA expression patterns differ from those of RAC2, which is hematopoietic specific and also from those of RAC1. The RAC3 gene was mapped to chromosome 17q23-25, a region frequently deleted in breast cancer. Rac3 protein levels are not affected by organization of the actin cytoskeleton but remarkably, are serum-inducible. Rac3 is an active GTPase, and this activity is regulated by Bcr. When constitutively activated, Rac3 is able to stimulate efficiently the c-Jun amino-terminal kinase signaling pathway. These findings support a role for Rac3 in intracellular signaling.
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Rac2 is only expressed in hematopoietic and endothelial cells, whereas Rac1 and Rac3 are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian systems.
“Rac2 is only expressed in hematopoietic and endothelial cells whereas Rac1 and Rac3 are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian systems [3], [4], [5].”
From Rac2 Controls Tumor Growth, Metastasis and M1-M2 Macrophage Differentiation In Vivo (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
The Results (page unavailable) report RAC1 and RAC3 mRNA in all human cell lines studied and RAC2 mRNA mainly in hematopoietic cell lines. They do not establish ubiquitous RAC1 or RAC3 expression across mammalian systems or the claimed endothelial-cell expression of RAC2; RAC3 was detected in only some of the tissues listed. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Hibi, M., Lin, A., Smeal, T., Minden, A., & Karin, M. (1993) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.7.11.2135 · Cited by 1,886 · see citing works
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- Cropp, C. S., Lidereau, R., Campbell, G., Champene, M. H., and Callahan, R. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 87, 7737-7741
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Roberts, A. W., Kim, C., Zhen, L., Lowe, J. B., Kapur, R., Petryniak, B., Spaetti, A., Pollock, J. D., Borneo, J. B., Bradford, G. B., et al. (1999) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80019-9 · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Rac2 Controls Tumor Growth, Metastasis and M1-M2 Macrophage Differentiation In Vivo
Joshi, S., Singh, A. R., Zulcic, M., Bao, L., Messer, K., Ideker, T., Dutkowski, J., & Durden, D. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095893 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Rac2 is only expressed in hematopoietic and endothelial cells whereas Rac1 and Rac3 are ubiquitously expressed in mammalian systems [3,4,5].”
BackgroundAlbertinazzi, C., Gilardelli, D., Paris, S., Longhi, R., & de Curtis, I. (1998) · The Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.142.3.815 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Rac2 Specificity in Macrophage Integrin Signaling
Pradip, D., Peng, X., & Durden, D. L. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m306491200 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bioinformatics analysis of microarray data to reveal the pathogenesis of brain ischemia
He, J., Gao, Y., Wu, G., Lei, X., Zhang, Y., Pan, W., & Yu, H. (2018) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2018.9000 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
- Authors
- Haataja, L., Groffen, J., & Heisterkamp, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Corresponding author
- Heisterkamp, Nora
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1997-08
- Volume
- 272
- Issue
- 33
- Pages
- 20384-20388
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2049405895
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (-0001)
- National Cancer Institute (CA-47456, CA 50248, R01CA050248)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Keywords
- RAC3, Rho GTPases, small GTPases, Rac1, Rac2, gene isolation, mRNA expression patterns, actin cytoskeleton, BCR, JNK signaling, signal transduction
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Base Sequence, Cell Line, Chromosome Mapping, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, DNA, Complementary, GTP-Binding Proteins, GTP Phosphohydrolases, rac GTP-Binding Proteins
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