The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Toll-like Receptor Agonists Promote Prolonged Triglyceride Storage in Macrophages
Open accessAbstract
Macrophages in infected tissues may sense microbial molecules that significantly alter their metabolism. In a seeming paradox, these critical host defense cells often respond by increasing glucose catabolism while simultaneously storing fatty acids (FA) as triglycerides (TAG) in lipid droplets. We used a load-chase strategy to study the mechanisms that promote long term retention of TAG in murine and human macrophages. Toll-like receptor (TLR)1/2, TLR3, and TLR4 agonists all induced the cells to retain TAG for ≥3 days. Prolonged TAG retention was accompanied by the following: (a) enhanced FA uptake and FA incorporation into TAG, with long lasting increases in acyl-CoA synthetase long 1 (ACSL1) and diacylglycerol acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2), and (b) decreases in lipolysis and FA β-oxidation that paralleled a prolonged drop in adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL). TLR agonist-induced TAG storage is a multifaceted process that persists long after most early pro-inflammatory responses have subsided and may contribute to the formation of "lipid-laden" macrophages in infected tissues.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“LDs form in myeloid cells through the upregulation of lipid-synthesis enzymes triggered by the engagement of toll receptors by innate immune triggers, such as bacteria7.”
From APOE4/4 is linked to damaging lipid droplets in Alzheimer’s disease microglia (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Toll-like receptor–induced changes in glycolytic metabolism regulate dendritic cell activation
Krawczyk, C. M., Holowka, T., Sun, J., Blagih, J., Amiel, E., DeBerardinis, R. J., Cross, J. R., Jung, E., Thompson, C. B., Jones, R. G., et al. (2010) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-10-249540 · Cited by 1,246
Systems biology approaches identify ATF3 as a negative regulator of Toll-like receptor 4
Gilchrist, M., Thórsson, V., Li, B., Rust, A. G., Korb, M., Kennedy, K., Hai, T., Bolouri, H., & Aderem, A. A. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04768 · Cited by 810
Two physically, functionally, and developmentally distinct peritoneal macrophage subsets
Ghosn, E. E. B., Cassado, A. A., Govoni, G. R., Fukuhara, T., Yang, Y., Monack, D. M., Bortoluci, K. R., Almeida, S. R., Herzenberg, L. A., & Herzenberg, L. A. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0915000107 · Cited by 689
Spann, N. J., Garmire, L. X., McDonald, J. G., Myers, D. S., Milne, S. B., Shibata, N., Reichart, D. R., Fox, J. N., Shaked, I., Heudobler, D., et al. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.06.054 · Cited by 630
Caseation of human tuberculosis granulomas correlates with elevated host lipid metabolism
Kim, M., Wainwright, H. C., Locketz, M., Bekker, L., Walther, G. B., Dittrich, C., Visser, A., Wang, W., Hsu, F., Wiehart, U., et al. (2010) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/emmm.201000079 · Cited by 489
Mammalian Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Synthetases
Soupène, E., & Kuypers, F. A. (2008) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/0710-mr-287 · Cited by 465
Metabolism of glucose, glutamine, long-chain fatty acids and ketone bodies by murine macrophages
Newsholme, P., Curi, R., Gordon, S., & Newsholme, E. A. (1986) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2390121 · Cited by 424
Glycerolipid Metabolism and Signaling in Health and Disease
Prentki, M., & Madiraju, S. R. M. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0007 · Cited by 331
Kanter, J. E., Kramer, F., Barnhart, S., Averill, M. M., Vivekanandan‐Giri, A., Vickery, T. W., Li, L. O., Becker, L., Yuan, W., Chait, A., et al. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1111600109 · Cited by 314
Newsholme, P., Gordon, S. B., & Newsholme, E. A. (1987) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2420631 · Cited by 311
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–133 of 133
Growing evidence for a role for acyl-CoA synthetase 1 in immunometabolism
Bornfeldt, K. (2019) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1002/jlb.3ce0519-154r · Cited by 4
Kiuchi, S., Chung, M. H., Sakai, H., Nakaya, T., Ohbuchi, K., Tsumagari, K., Imami, K., Otoguro, Y., Nitta, T., Yamamoto, H., et al. (2025) · npj Systems Biology and Applications · doi:10.1038/s41540-025-00620-z · Cited by 3
Fock, E. M., Lavrova, E. A., Bachteeva, V. T., Nikolaeva, S. D., & Parnova, R. G. (2019) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.01.001 · Cited by 3
Reprogramming of Central Carbon Metabolism in Myeloid Cells upon Innate Immune Receptor Stimulation
Perrin‐Cocon, L., Diaz, O., Aublin‐Gex, A., Vidalain, P., & Lotteau, V. (2021) · Immuno · doi:10.3390/immuno1010001 · Cited by 3
A Rosella-PLIN2 knock-in mouse reveals lipophagy and immunometabolic interplay in atherosclerosis
Laval, T., Joyce, N., Boucher, D. M., Labrana, H., Rochon, V., Emerton, C., Dharia, M., Robichaud, S., Lorant, V., Nguyen, M.-A., et al. (2026) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2026.2674711 · Cited by 2
Host-Directed Therapy in Tuberculosis: Targeting Host Metabolism
Kim, J.-S., Kim, Y.-R., & Yang, C. (2020) · Vide Leaf, Hyderabad eBooks · doi:10.37247/paimmu2ed.2.2020.4 · Cited by 2
Brandenburg, J., Marwitz, S., Tazoll, S. C., Waldow, F., Kalsdorf, B., Vierbuchen, T., Scholzen, T. E., Groß, A., Goldenbaum, S., Hölscher, A., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.26.174110 · Cited by 2
Chen, Y., Tang, K., Huang, S., Liu, H., & Liao, T. (2025) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-025-02490-8 · Cited by 1
Shan, B., Cao, J., & Yang, T. (2026) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-026-03931-x · Cited by 1
Cell-type-specific APOE4 cascade across the Alzheimer’s disease continuum
Shostak, D. M., Liang, Z., & Huang, Y. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.04.024 · Cited by 1
Self-citationCold Stress Activates ACSL1 + Macrophages in a Fatty Acid‐Dependent Manner to Exacerbate Psoriasis
Shuai, C., Ge, Q., Zhang, L. K., Cao, H., Chen, H., Cheung, S., Wang, Y., Chen, L., Yuan, Y. Z., Li, X., et al. (2026) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.70280 · Cited by 1
Bağırsak Mikrobiyotası ve Toll Benzeri Reseptörler Arasındaki İlişki: Bağışıklık ve Metabolizma
DURGUN, S. G., & Özkan, A. D. (2021) · JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND STRATEGIC HEALTH RESEARCH · doi:10.34084/bshr.903730 · Cited by 1
Nikolaeva, S. D., Fock, E. M., & Parnova, R. G. (2022) · Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0022093022040184 · Cited by 1
Metabolic Reprogramming of Myeloid Cells Upon TLR4 Stimulation
Perrin‐Cocon, L., Aublin‐Gex, A., & Lotteau, V. (2020) · Progress in inflammation research · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-56319-6_11 · Cited by 1
Wang, Z., Ojogun, N., Liu, Y., Gan, L., Xiao, Z., Feng, J., Jiang, W., Chen, Y., Zou, B., Yu, C., et al. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.100731.1 · Cited by 1
Self-citationSíntesis de novo de glicerolípidos en macrófagos
Quiroga, I. Y. (2017) · doi:10.35537/10915/58832
A Toolbox to Profile Immunometabolism Tested in MacrophagesPreprint
Verberk, S. G. S., de Goede, K. E., Gorki, F. S., van Dierendonck, X. A. M. H., Argüello, R. J., & den Bossche, J. V. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3866832
Fuelling the fire : Immunometabolism of monocytes and macrophages in obesity & diabetes
van Dierendonck, X. A. M. H. (2021) · doi:10.18174/545884
Inhibiting ACSL1 related ferroptosis restrains MHV-A59 infectionPreprint
Xia, H., Zhang, Z., & You, F. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.10.14.464337
Metabolic Pathways in Immune Cells Commitment and Fate
Alves, R. W., da Silva, E. M., Doretto-Silva, L., & Andrade‐Oliveira, V. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86684-6_4
笹田直 (1958) · Nihon Kikai Gakkaishi/Journal of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers
Poststroke lipid droplet accumulation in residing microglia and its influence on inflammation
Wei, W. (2023) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-10148
Wang, Z., Ojogun, N., Liu, Y., Gan, L., Xiao, Z., Feng, J., Jiang, W., Chen, Y., Zou, B., Yu, C., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.06.23.600304
Self-citationWang, Z., Ojogun, N., Liu, Y., Gan, L., Xiao, Z., Feng, J., Jiang, W., Chen, Y., Zou, B., Yu, C., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.100731.2
Self-citationTherapeutic targeting of toll-like receptor pathways in tumor-associated macrophages
Wang, L., Li, Y., He, Z., Chen, Z., Zhang, W., Wu, C., Xue, L., & Cao, X. (2026) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2026.02.001 · Cited by 1
Dengue virus diverts the mosquito phospholipid metabolism for replication
Vial, T. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/7129a3bdz8e12z41d9zae77zd1838ca12cfc
Fatty acid metabolism at the interface between host and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Laval, T. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d19c8f20z2852z48ffz8a3fz499b24aa84c7
Lipid droplets as players in innate immunity against mycobacterium tuberculosis
Pedró-Cos, L. (2024) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ee9ccea1z5651z4461z9db2z538d61e803e8
Konger, R. L., & Derr-Yellin, E. C. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27094136
Bacon, A., Almeida, L., Ghorasaini, M., Hafkenscheid, L., Toes, R. E. M., Everts, B., & Giera, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5c01060
Romero‐Ramírez, L., Díaz-Rubio, N., Arriero-Cabañero, A., & Mey, J. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-11142135/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Huang, Y.-L., Morales-Rosado, J., Ray, J., Myers, T. G., Kho, T., Lu, M., & Munford, R. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Munford, Robert S.
- Venue
- Journal of Biological Chemistry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 289
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 3001-3012
- ISSN
- 0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3908431
- OpenAlex
- W1997812608
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- NHLBI Division of Intramural Research
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Lipid metabolism and biosynthesis
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
- Keywords
- TLR agonists, macrophages, triglyceride storage, lipid droplets, fatty acid uptake, diacylglycerol acyltransferase 2, adipose triglyceride lipase, lipolysis, fatty acid beta-oxidation, TLR1/2, TLR3, TLR4, lipid-laden macrophages, infection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cells, Cultured, Coenzyme A Ligases, Fatty Acids, Foam Cells, Humans, Lipolysis, Lipopolysaccharides, Macrophages, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Monocytes, Triglycerides, Mice, Knockout, Diacylglycerol O-Acyltransferase, Toll-Like Receptor 1, Toll-Like Receptor 2, Toll-Like Receptor 3, Toll-Like Receptor 4, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
