CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 214Adipose Tissue and MetabolismMetabolism, Diabetes, and CancerMuscle Physiology and Disorders

Modest PGC-1α Overexpression in Muscle in Vivo Is Sufficient to Increase Insulin Sensitivity and Palmitate Oxidation in Subsarcolemmal, Not Intermyofibrillar, Mitochondria

Open access
Benton, Carley R., Nickerson, James G., Lally, James, Han, Xiao-Xia, Holloway, Graham P., Glatz, Jan F.C., Luiken, Joost J. F.P., Graham, Terry E. +2 more·2008·Journal of Biological Chemistry
DOI 10.1074/jbc.m704332200
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

PGC-1alpha overexpression in skeletal muscle, in vivo, has yielded disappointing and unexpected effects, including disrupted cellular integrity and insulin resistance. These unanticipated results may stem from an excessive PGC-1alpha overexpression in transgenic animals. Therefore, we examined the effects of a modest PGC-1alpha overexpression in a single rat muscle, in vivo, on fuel-handling proteins and insulin sensitivity. We also examined whether modest PGC-1alpha overexpression selectively targeted subsarcolemmal (SS) mitochondrial proteins and fatty acid oxidation, because SS mitochondria are metabolically more plastic than intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria. Among metabolically heterogeneous rat hindlimb muscles, PGC-1alpha was highly correlated with their oxidative fiber content and with substrate transport proteins (GLUT4, FABPpm, and FAT/CD36) and mitochondrial proteins (COXIV and mTFA) but not with insulin-signaling proteins (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, IRS-1, and Akt2), nor with 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase, alpha2 subunit, and HSL. Transfection of PGC-1alpha into the red (RTA) and white tibialis anterior (WTA) compartments of the tibialis anterior muscle increased PGC-1alpha protein by 23-25%. This also induced the up-regulation of transport proteins (FAT/CD36, 35-195%; GLUT4, 20-32%) and 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase, alpha2 subunit (37-48%), but not other proteins (FABPpm, IRS-1, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt2, and HSL). SS and IMF mitochondrial proteins were also up-regulated, including COXIV (15-75%), FAT/CD36 (17-30%), and mTFA (15-85%). PGC-1alpha overexpression also increased palmitate oxidation in SS (RTA, +116%; WTA, +40%) but not in IMF mitochondria, and increased insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of AKT2 (28-43%) and rates of glucose transport (RTA, +20%; WTA, +38%). Thus, in skeletal muscle in vivo, a modest PGC-1alpha overexpression up-regulated selected plasmalemmal and mitochondrial fuel-handling proteins, increased SS (not IMF) mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation, and improved insulin sensitivity.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1074/jbc.m704332200

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • PGC-1α overexpression in mouse skeletal muscle enhanced mitochondrial activity, increased expression of proteins involved in fat oxidation and glucose transport, and increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by about 35%.

    “Over expression of the PGC-1 alpha gene in skeletal muscle in mice in vivo enhanced mitochondrial activity, augmented the expression of multiple proteins involved in fat oxidation and glucose transport, and increased by ~35% insulin-stimulated glucose uptake [133].”

    From Pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle (2010) · cites this paper as [133]

  • The lowest level of PGC-1α overexpression in rat muscle by electroporation resulted in modest up-regulation of mitochondrial proteins, increased palmitate oxidation, and increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.

    “The lowest level of PGC-1␣ overexpression was achieved in rat muscle by means of electroporation (261).This resulted in modest up-regulation of mitochondrial proteins, increased palmitate oxidation, and increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.”

    From The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [261]

  • Modest overexpression of PGC-1α and transgenic overexpression of PGC-1β increase oxidative metabolism and insulin sensitivity.

    “Taken together, these studies suggest that modest overexpression of PGC-1␣ (261, 262) and transgenic overexpression of PGC-1␤ (271, 272) increase oxidative metabolism and insulin sensitivity.”

    From The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [261]

  • PGC-1α transgenic expression increases OXPHOS mRNA and protein levels, with increases ranging from 130% to 500% across transgenic models.

    “180% 1 COXIV | protein | 130% 1 mRNA | | 150 -200% | 1 mRNA | | | 150 -250% | 1 mRNA | | | | 170 -300% | 1 mRNA | 200 -500% | 1 mRNA and | protein”

    From The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [261]

  • PGC-1α electroporation in muscle increased mitochondrial DNA by 113% (Benton, 2008).

    “Mito DNA | 1 113%”

    From The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (2010) · cites this paper as [261]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 63 · Cited by 214

Research works printed but not linked: 73

  1. [1]1. Lin, J. ∙ Handschin, C. ∙ Spiegelman, B.M. Cell Metab. 2005; 1:361-370 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (1771) PubMed Google Scholar
  2. [2]2. Koves, T.R. ∙ Li, P. ∙ An, J. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280:33588-33598 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (403) PubMed Google Scholar
  3. [3]3. Michael, L.F. ∙ Wu, Z. ∙ Cheatham, R.B. ... Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98:3820-3825 Crossref Scopus (553) PubMed Google Scholar
  4. [4]4. Mortensen, O.H. ∙ Frandsen, L. ∙ Schjerling, P. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2006; 291:E807-E816 Crossref Scopus (88) PubMed Google Scholar
  5. [5]5. Miura, S. ∙ Kai, Y. ∙ Ono, M. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278:31385-31390 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (131) PubMed Google Scholar
  6. [7]7. Mensink, M. ∙ Hesselink, M.K. ∙ Russell, A.P. ... Int. J. Obes. 2007; 31:1302-1310 Crossref Scopus (160) PubMed Google Scholar
  7. [8]8. Patti, M.E. ∙ Butte, A.J. ∙ Crunkhorn, S. ... Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2003; 100:8466-8471 Crossref Scopus (1706) PubMed Google Scholar
  8. [9]9. Mootha, V.K. ∙ Lindgren, C.M. ∙ Eriksson, K.F. ... Nat. Genet. 2003; 34:267-273 Crossref Scopus (7214) PubMed Google Scholar
  9. [10]10. Ling, C. ∙ Poulsen, P. ∙ Carlsson, E. ... J. Clin. Investig. 2004; 114:1518-1526 Crossref Scopus (267) PubMed Google Scholar
  10. [11]11. Sparks, L.M. ∙ Xie, H. ∙ Koza, R.A. ... Diabetes. 2005; 54:1926-1933 Crossref Scopus (513) PubMed Google Scholar
  11. [12]12. Russell, L.K. ∙ Mansfield, C.M. ∙ Lehman, J.J. ... Circ. Res. 2004; 94:525-533 Crossref Scopus (338) PubMed Google Scholar
  12. [13]13. Arany, Z. ∙ He, H. ∙ Lin, J. ... Cell Metab. 2005; 1:259-271 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (600) PubMed Google Scholar
  13. [14]14. Leone, T.C. ∙ Lehman, J.J. ∙ Finck, B.N. ... Plos Biol. 2005; 3:e101 Crossref Scopus (822) PubMed Google Scholar
  14. [15]15. Wende, A.R. ∙ Schaeffer, P.J. ∙ Parker, G.J. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2007; 282:36642-36651 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (214) PubMed Google Scholar
  15. [16]16. Cogswell, A.M. ∙ Stevens, R.J. ∙ Hood, D.A. Am. J. Physiol. 1993; 264:C383-C389 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  16. [17]17. Hood, D.A. J. Appl. Physiol. 2001; 90:1137-1157 Crossref Scopus (588) PubMed Google Scholar
  17. [18]18. Lin, J. ∙ Wu, P.H. ∙ Tarr, P.T. ... Cell. 2004; 119:121-135 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (1050) PubMed Google Scholar
  18. [19]19. Handschin, C. ∙ Spiegelman, B.M. Endocr. Rev. 2006; 27:728-735 Crossref Scopus (937) PubMed Google Scholar
  19. [20]20. Lehman, J.J. ∙ Barger, P.M. ∙ Kovacs, A. ... J. Clin. Investig. 2000; 106:847-856 Crossref Scopus (1089) PubMed Google Scholar
  20. [21]21. Clarke, D.C. ∙ Miskovic, D. ∙ Han, X.X. ... Physiol. Genomics. 2004; 17:31-37 Crossref Scopus (82) PubMed Google Scholar
  21. [22]22. Holloway, G.P. ∙ Lally, J. ∙ Nickerson, J.G. ... J. Physiol. (Lond.). 2007; 582:393-405 Crossref Scopus (60) Google Scholar
  22. [23]23. Matsuno, K. ∙ Diaz-Ricard, M. ∙ Montgomery, R.R. ... Br. J. Haematol. 1996; 92:960-967 Crossref Scopus (59) PubMed Google Scholar
  23. [24]24. Campbell, S.E. ∙ Tandon, N.N. ∙ Woldegiorgis, G. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279:36235-36241 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (216) PubMed Google Scholar
  24. [25]25. Luiken, J.J. ∙ Arumugam, Y. ∙ Dyck, D.J. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2001; 276:40567-40573 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (233) PubMed Google Scholar
  25. [26]26. Armstrong, R.B. ∙ Phelps, R.O. Am. J. Anat. 1984; 171:259-272 Crossref Scopus (867) PubMed Google Scholar
  26. [27]27. Kramer, H.F. ∙ Witczak, C.A. ∙ Taylor, E.B. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2006; 281:31478-31485 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (207) PubMed Google Scholar
  27. [28]28. Schertzer, J.D. ∙ Plant, D.R. ∙ Lynch, G.S. Mol. Ther. 2006; 13:795-803 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (86) PubMed Google Scholar
  28. [29]29. McMahon, J.M. ∙ Signori, E. ∙ Wells, K.E. ... Gene Ther. 2001; 8:1264-1270 Crossref Scopus (211) PubMed Google Scholar
  29. [30]30. Lee, M.J. ∙ Cho, S.S. ∙ Jang, H.S. ... Exp. Mol. Med. 2002; 34:265-272 Crossref Scopus (42) PubMed Google Scholar
  30. [31]31. Mir, L.M. ∙ Bureau, M.F. ∙ Gehl, J. ... Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96:4262-4267 Crossref Scopus (832) PubMed Google Scholar
  31. [32]32. Dona, M. ∙ Sandri, M. ∙ Rossini, K. ... Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003; 312:1132-1138 Crossref Scopus (77) PubMed Google Scholar
  32. [33]33. Bertrand, A. ∙ Ngo-Muller, V. ∙ Hentzen, D. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2003; 285:C1071-C1081 Crossref Scopus (30) PubMed Google Scholar
  33. [34]34. Handschin, C. ∙ Chin, S. ∙ Li, P. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2007; 282:30014-30021 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (539) PubMed Google Scholar
  34. [35]35. Srere, P. Lowenstein, J. (Editor) Academic Press, New York, in: Methods in Enzymology. 1969; 3-5 Google Scholar
  35. [36]36. McGarry, J.D. ∙ Mills, S.E. ∙ Long, C.S. ... Biochem. J. 1983; 214:21-28 Crossref Scopus (481) PubMed Google Scholar
  36. [37]37. Holloway, G.P. ∙ Bezaire, V. ∙ Heigenhauser, G.J. ... J. Physiol. (Lond.). 2006; 571:201-210 Crossref Scopus (155) Google Scholar
  37. [38]38. Han, X.X. ∙ Chabowski, A. ∙ Tandon, N.N. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2007; 293:E566-E575 Crossref Scopus (59) PubMed Google Scholar
  38. [39]39. Benton, C.R. ∙ Campbell, S.E. ∙ Tonouchi, M. ... Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2004; 323:249-253 Crossref Scopus (55) PubMed Google Scholar
  39. [40]40. Veerkamp, J.H. ∙ Van Moerkerk, H.T. ∙ Glatz, J.F. ... Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1983; 753:399-410 Crossref Scopus (59) PubMed Google Scholar
  40. [41]41. Lemieux, K. ∙ Han, X.X. ∙ Dombrowski, L. ... Diabetes. 2000; 49:183-189 Crossref Scopus (58) PubMed Google Scholar
  41. [42]42. Ruderman, N.B. ∙ Houghton, C.R.S. ∙ Hems, R. Biochem. J. 1971; 124:639-651 Crossref Scopus (326) PubMed Google Scholar
  42. [43]43. Han, X. ∙ Ploug, T. ∙ Galbo, H. Am. J. Physiol. 1995; 269:R544-R551 PubMed Google Scholar
  43. [44]44. Irrcher, I. ∙ Adhihetty, P.J. ∙ Sheehan, T. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2003; 284:C1669-C1677 Crossref Scopus (273) PubMed Google Scholar
  44. [45]45. Akimoto, T. ∙ Pohnert, S.C. ∙ Li, P. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280:19587-19593 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (555) PubMed Google Scholar
  45. [46]46. Sriwijitkamol, A. ∙ Ivy, J.L. ∙ Christ-Roberts, C. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2006; 290:E925-E932 Crossref Scopus (90) PubMed Google Scholar
  46. [47]47. Terada, S. ∙ Tabata, I. Am. J. Physiol. 2004; 286:E208-E216 Crossref Scopus (132) PubMed Google Scholar
  47. [48]48. Richardson, D.K. ∙ Kashyap, S. ∙ Bajaj, M. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2005; 280:10290-10297 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (215) PubMed Google Scholar
  48. [49]49. Lin, J. ∙ Wu, H. ∙ Tarr, P.T. ... Nature. 2002; 418:797-801 Crossref Scopus (2177) PubMed Google Scholar
  49. [51]51. Wright, D.C. ∙ Han, D.H. ∙ Garcia-Roves, P.M. ... J. Biol. Chem. 2007; 282:194-199 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (393) PubMed Google Scholar
  50. [52]52. Taylor, E.B. ∙ Lamb, J.D. ∙ Hurst, R.W. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2005; 289:E960-E968 Crossref Scopus (79) PubMed Google Scholar
  51. [53]53. Russell, A.P. ∙ Feilchenfeldt, J. ∙ Schreiber, S. ... Diabetes. 2003; 52:2874-2881 Crossref Scopus (392) PubMed Google Scholar
  52. [54]54. Koonen, D.P. ∙ Benton, C.R. ∙ Arumugam, Y. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2004; 286:E1042-E1049 Crossref Scopus (51) PubMed Google Scholar
  53. [55]55. Benton, C. ∙ Koonen, D. ∙ Calles-Escandon, J. ... J. Physiol. (Lond.). 2006; 573:199-210 Crossref Scopus (28) Google Scholar
  54. [56]56. Teboul, L. ∙ Febbraio, M. ∙ Gaillard, D. ... Biochem. J. 2001; 360:305-312 Crossref Scopus (71) PubMed Google Scholar
  55. [57]57. Coort, S.L. ∙ Coumans, W.A. ∙ Bonen, A. ... J. Lipid Res. 2005; 46:1295-1302 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (28) PubMed Google Scholar
  56. [58]58. Berk, P.D. ∙ Wada, H. ∙ Horio, Y. ... Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1990; 87:3484-3488 Crossref Scopus (150) PubMed Google Scholar
  57. [59]59. Stump, D.D. ∙ Zhou, S.-L. ∙ Berk, P.D. Am. J. Physiol. 1993; 265:G894-G902 PubMed Google Scholar
  58. [60]60. Bradbury, M.W. ∙ Berk, P.D. Biochem. J. 2000; 345:423-427 Crossref Scopus (53) PubMed Google Scholar
  59. [61]61. Langfort, J. ∙ Ploug, T. ∙ Ihlemann, J. ... Biochem. J. 1999; 340:459-465 Crossref Scopus (134) PubMed Google Scholar
  60. [62]62. Wojtaszewski, J.F. ∙ Birk, J.B. ∙ Frosig, C. ... J. Physiol. (Lond.). 2005; 564:563-573 Crossref Scopus (145) Google Scholar
  61. [63]63. Kahn, B.B. ∙ Alquier, T. ∙ Carling, D. ... Cell Metab. 2005; 1:15-25 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (2421) PubMed Google Scholar
  62. [64]64. Miura, S. ∙ Tomitsuka, E. ∙ Kamei, Y. ... Am. J. Pathol. 2006; 169:1129-1139 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (86) PubMed Google Scholar
  63. [65]65. Wu, Z. ∙ Puigserver, P. ∙ Andersson, U. ... Cell. 1999; 98:115-124 Full Text Full Text (PDF) Scopus (3433) PubMed Google Scholar
  64. [66]66. Koves, T.R. ∙ Noland, R.C. ∙ Bates, A.L. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2005; 288:C1074-C1082 Crossref Scopus (134) PubMed Google Scholar
  65. [67]67. Muoio, D.M. ∙ Seefeld, K. ∙ Witters, L.A. ... Biochem. J. 1999; 338:783-791 Crossref Scopus (358) PubMed Google Scholar
  66. [68]68. Ruderman, N.B. ∙ Park, H. ∙ Kaushik, V.K. ... Acta Physiol. Scand. 2003; 178:435-442 Crossref Scopus (191) PubMed Google Scholar
  67. [69]69. Yoshida, Y. ∙ Holloway, G.P. ∙ Ljubicic, V. ... J. Physiol. 2007; 582:1317-1335 Crossref Scopus (72) PubMed Google Scholar
  68. [70]70. Kim, H. ∙ Haluzik, M. ∙ Asghar, Z. ... Diabetes. 2003; 52:1770-1778 Crossref Scopus (160) PubMed Google Scholar
  69. [71]71. Bezaire, V. ∙ Bruce, C.R. ∙ Heigenhauser, G.J. ... Am. J. Physiol. 2006; 290:E509-E515 Crossref Scopus (119) PubMed Google Scholar
  70. [72]72. Song, X.M. ∙ Ryder, J.W. ∙ Kawano, Y. ... Am. J. Physiol. 1999; 277:R1690-R1696 Crossref PubMed Google Scholar
  71. [73]73. Christ, C.Y. ∙ Hunt, D. ∙ Hancock, J. ... J. Appl. Physiol. 2002; 92:736-744 Crossref Scopus (8) PubMed Google Scholar
  72. [74]74. Megeney, L.A. ∙ Elder, G.C.B. ∙ Tan, M.H. ... Am. J. Physiol. 1992; 262:E20-E26 PubMed Google Scholar
  73. [75]75. Brozinick, Jr., J.T. ∙ Etgen, G.J. ∙ Yaspelkis, B.B. ... Am. J. Physiol. 1993; 265:E419-E427 PubMed Google Scholar Figures (10) Article metrics Related Articles Advertisement Hide CaptionDownloadSee figure in Article Toggle Thumbstrip FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 FIGURE 5 FIGURE 6 FIGURE 7 FIGURE 8 FIGURE 9 FIGURE 10 Download .PPT Home Access for Developing Countries Articles Papers in Press Current Volume Archive Editorials ASBMB Award Articles JBC Reviews Meeting Reports Thematic Series Virtual Issues Classics Reflections Editors' Picks JBC Communications eLetters Tabor Awards For Authors Information for Authors About Open Access Permissions Submit manuscript Submission Help Contact Us Contact Information Journal Info About the Journal Early Career Reviewers Editorial Board Image Gallery New Content Alerts All Topics Bioenergetics Cell Biology Computational Biology Developmental Biology DNA and Chromosomes Enzymology Gene Regulation Genomics and Proteomics Glycobiology and Extracellular Matrices Immunology Lipids Membrane Biology Metabolism

Authors
Benton, C. R., Nickerson, J. G., Lally, J., Han, X.-X., Holloway, G. P., Glatz, J. F. C., Luiken, J. J. F. P., Graham, T. E., Heikkila, J. J., & Bonen, A.
Affiliations
  • University of Waterloo (CA)
  • University of Guelph (CA)
  • Maastricht University (NL)
Corresponding author
Bonen, Arend
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Biological Chemistry
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2008-02
Volume
283
Issue
7
Pages
4228-4240
ISSN
0021-9258 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1074/jbc.m704332200
OpenAlex
W2116242674
Cited by
214
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 16
FWCI
13.30
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Biological Chemistry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Keywords
PGC-1α, skeletal muscle, insulin sensitivity, palmitate oxidation, subsarcolemmal mitochondria, interfibrillar mitochondria, fatty acid oxidation, GLUT4, FAT/CD36, AMPK, Akt2 phosphorylation, glucose transport, tibialis anterior, transgenic overexpression
MeSH terms
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha, Animals, Base Sequence, Biological Transport, Fatty Acids, Glucose, Insulin, Male, Mitochondria, Muscle, Oxidation-Reduction, Phosphorylation, Transcription Factors, RNA-Binding Proteins, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, DNA Primers, Muscle, Skeletal, Palmitic Acid, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt, Rats

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review