Plasma Chloroform Concentrations in Swimmers Using Indoor Swimming Pools
Open accessAbstract
This study evaluated swimmers and visitors who were exposed to chloroform (CHCl3) at three indoor swimming pools in Modena, Italy. Chloroform was measured in plasma samples of 127 subjects present at the pools and in 40 nonexposed subjects. The analyses were performed by head-space gas chromatography. Chloroform was present in all samples collected from the 127 subjects who attended the pools (median = 7.5 nmol/l; range = 0.8-25.1 nmol/l). Agonistic swimmers who trained for competitions showed a significantly higher mean value of plasma CHCl3 than nonagonistic swimmers and visitors. Plasma CHCl3 levels were significantly correlated with (a) CHCl3 concentrations in water and in environmental air, (b) the number of swimmers in the pools, and (c) the time spent swimming. Covariance analysis showed that plasma CHCl3 levels also depended on the intensity of the sport activity (total explained variance = 67.4%).
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The emission of unwanted by-products from pool water into indoor air depends on factors such as concentration in water and volatility, number of bathers and behavior, ventilation, water temperature and water circulation.
“The emission of unwanted by-products from the pool water into the indoor air depends on different factors such as the concentration in the water and their volatility, the number of bathers and their behavior, ventilation, water temperature and water circulation. [2,9 -12]”
From Occupational exposure to trichloramine and trihalomethanes: adverse health effects among personnel in habilitation and rehabilitation swimming pools (2019) · cites this paper as [9]
Cites
Lahl, U., Bätjer, K., Düszeln, J. V., Gabel, B., Stachel, B., & Thiemann, W. (1981) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/0043-1354(81)90133-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Drowning in disinfection byproducts? Assessing swimming pool water
Zwiener, C., Richardson, S. D., De Marini, D. M., Grummt, T., Glauner, T., & Frimmel, F. H. (2007) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es062367v · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Disinfection byproducts in swimming pool: occurrences, implications and future needs
Chowdhury, S., Alhooshani, K., & Karanfil, T. (2014) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.017 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Exposure to Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products and Pregnancy Loss
Savitz, D. A., Singer, P. C., Herring, A. H., Hartmann, K. E., Weinberg, H. S., & Makarushka, C. (2006) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwj300 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Formation of disinfection by-products in chlorinated swimming pool water
Kim, H., Shim, J., & Lee, S. (2002) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00581-6 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Exposure to chloramines in the atmosphere of indoor swimming pools
HERY, M. (1995) · The Annals of Occupational Hygiene · doi:10.1016/0003-4878(95)00013-5 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
AGGAZZOTTI, G., FANTUZZI, G., RIGHI, E., & PREDIERI, G. (1998) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00174-0 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth impact of disinfection by-products in swimming pools
Villanueva, C. M., & Font-Ribera, L. (2012) · Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità · doi:10.4415/ann_12_04_06 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Dermal uptake of chloroform and haloketones during bathing
Xu, X., & Weisel, C. P. (2005) · Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1038/sj.jea.7500404 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Catto, C., Sabrina, S., Ginette, C.-T., Manuel, R., & Robert, T. (2012) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph9082562 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Bowen, A. B., Kile, J. C., Otto, C., Kazerouni, N., Austin, C., Blount, B. C., Wong, H.-N., Beach, M. J., & Fry, A. M. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9555 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Varraso, R., Massin, N., Hery, M., Fradier-Dusch, M., Michaely, J.-P., Fournier, M., Hubert, G., Biette, P., Rieger, B., Berthelin, A., et al. (2002) · Toxicology and Industrial Health · doi:10.1191/0748233702th150oa · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Westerlund, J., Bryngelsson, I.-L., Löfstedt, H., Eriksson, K., Westberg, H., & Graff, P. (2019) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2018.1536825 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Influence of physical activity in the intake of trihalomethanes in indoor swimming pools
Marco, E., Lourencetti, C., Grimalt, J. O., Gari, M., Fernández, P., Font-Ribera, L., Villanueva, C. M., & Kogevinas, M. (2015) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2015.04.005 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Aggazzotti, G., Fantuzzi, G., Tartoni, P. L., & Predieri, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Modena and Reggio Emilia (IT)
- Venue
- Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1990-05
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 175-179
- ISSN
- 0003-9896 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025640607
- Cited by
- 94
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Archives of Environmental Health An International Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- chloroform, indoor swimming pools, occupational exposure, competitive swimming, water disinfection by-products
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Chloroform, Environmental Exposure, Humans, Italy, Swimming, Swimming Pools, Water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
