Finance Is Not the Economy: Reviving the Conceptual Distinction
Open accessAbstract
:Conflation of real capital with finance capital is at the heart of current misunderstandings of economic crisis and recession. We ground this distinction in the classical analysis of rent and the difference between productive and unproductive credit. We then apply it to current conditions, in which household credit — especially mortgage credit — is the premier form of unproductive credit.This is supported by an institutional analysis of postwar U.S. development and a review of quantitative empirical research across many countries. Finally, we discuss contemporary consequences of the financial sector’s malformation and overdevelopment.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Post-Keynesian economists have emphasised the growth of private debt (in particular mortgage credit) as a key source of income for financial rentiers enabled by deregulation and the shift towards consumer-price inflation targeting by central banks, alongside declining public investment.
“Post-Keynesian economists have emphasised the growth of private debt (in particular mortgage credit) as a key source of income for financial rentiers enabled by deregulation and the shift towards consumer-price inflation targeting by central banks, alongside declining public investment”
From Mapping modern economic rents: the good, the bad, and the grey areas (2023) · cites this paper as Bezemer and Hudson, 2016
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe financial sector increasingly allocates resources towards unproductive activities, charging fees and interest.
“The financial sector increasingly allocates resources towards unproductive activities, charging fees and interest in the process”
From Mapping modern economic rents: the good, the bad, and the grey areas (2023) · cites this paper as Bezemer and Hudson, 2016
The shift of many non-financial firms' portfolios towards large investments in financial assets has 'disconnected' their profitability from value creation further contributing to the decline of real investment and growth.
“Second, the shift of many non-financial firms' portfolios towards large investments in financial assets has 'disconnected' their profitability from value creation further contributing to the decline of real investment and growth”
From Mapping modern economic rents: the good, the bad, and the grey areas (2023) · cites this paper as Bezemer et al., 2016
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 45
- Ang, James. "A Survey of Recent Developments in the Literature of Finance and Growth." Journal of Economic Surveys 22, 3 (2008) 536-576.
- Atkinson, Anthony, Thomas Piketty and Emmanuel Saez. "Top Incomes in the Long Run of History." Journal of Economic Literature 49, 1 (2011): 3-71.
- Barba, Aldo and Massimo Pivetti. "Rising Household Debt: Its Causes and Macroeconomic Implications - A Long-Period Analysis." Cambridge Journal of Economics 33, 1 (2009): 113-137
- Beck, Torsten, Berrak Büyükkarabacak, Felix Rioja and Neven Valev. "Who Gets the Credit? And Does It Matter? Household vs. Firm Lending Across Countries." B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics 12, 1 (2012): 1-46.
- Berkmen, S. Pelin, Gaton Gelos, Robert K. Rennhack and James P. Walsh. "The Global Financial Crisis: Explaining Cross-Country Differences in the Output Impact." Journal of International Money and Finance 31, 1 (2012): 42-59.
- Bezemer, Dirk. "Understanding Financial Crisis Through Accounting Models." Accounting, Organizations and Society 26 (2010): 676-688.
- ---. "The Credit Crisis and Recession as a Paradigm Test." Journal of Economic Issues 45, 1 (2011): 1-18.
- ---. "Creating a Socially Useful Financial System." Address to the Institute for New Economic Thinking (INET) "Paradigm Lost." Conference, Berlin, Germany, April 14, 2012a. Available on www.youtube.com/watch?v=qvBuK8yQxbY. Accessed December 1, 2015.
- ---. "The Functional Differentiation of Credit." Journal of Evolutionary Economics 24, 5 (2014): 935-950.
- Bezemer, Dirk and Michael Hudson. "Incorporating the Rentier Sectors into a Financial Model." World Economic Review 1, 1 (2012): 1-12.
- Bezemer, Dirk, Maria Grydaki and Lu Zhang. "More Mortgages, Lower Growth?" Economic Inquiry 54 (2016): 652-674.
- Brown, Christopher. "Financial Engineering, Consumer Credit, and the Stability of Effective Demand." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 29, 3 (2007): 429-455.
- Büyükkarabacak, Berrak and Neven Valev. "The Role of Household and Business Credit in Banking Crises." Journal of Banking & Finance 34, 6 (2010): 1247-1256.
- Christophers, Brett. "Making Finance Productive." Economy and Society 40, 1 (2010): 112-140.
- Cynamon, Barry Z. and Steven M. Fazzari. "Household Income, Demand, and Saving: Deriving Macro Data with Micro Data Concepts." SSRN, 2015. Available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=2211896. Accessed December 1, 2015.
- Didier, Tatiana, Constantino Hevia and Sergio Schmukler. "How Resilient and Countercyclical Were Emerging Economies During the Global Financial Crisis?" Journal of International Money and Finance 31, 8 (2012): 2052-2077.
- Dynan, Karen. "Is a Household Debt Overhang Holding Back Consumption." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 44, 1 (2012): 299-362.
- Easterly, Wiliam, Roumeen Islam and Joseph Stiglitz. "Shaken and Stirred: Explaining Growth Volatility." Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics Paper. World Bank, 2000.
- Frankel, Jeffrey and George Saravelos. "Can Leading Indicators Assess Country Vulnerability? Evidence from the 2008-09 Global Financial Crisis." Journal of International Economics 87, 2 (2012): 216-231.
- Friedman, Benjamin. "The Failure of the Economy and the Economists." New York Review of Books 56, 9 (May 28, 2009): 42-45.
- Gardiner, Geoffrey. "The Primacy of Trade Debts in the Development of Money." Credit and Sate Theories of Money: the Contributions of Michael Innes, edited by L. Randall Wray, Cheltenham, pp. 128-172. UK: Edward Elgar, 2004.
- Grydaki, Maria and Dirk Bezemer. "The Role of Credit in the Great Moderation: A Multivariate GARCH Approach." Journal of Banking and Finance 37, 11 (2013): 4615-4626.
- Hudson, Michael. Creating Economic Order: Record-Keeping, Standardization and the Development of Accounting in the Ancient Near East. (Edited with Cornelia Wunsch.) Bethesda, D.C.: CDL Press, 2004a.
- ---. "Technical Progress and Obsolescence of Capital and Skills: Theoretical foundations of 19th-Century U.S. Industrial and Trade Policy." In Globalization, Economic Development and Inequality: An Alternative Perspective, edited by in Erik S. Reinert, pp. 100-111. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2004b.
- ---. "Simon Patten on Public Infrastructure and Economic Rent Capture." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 70 (October 2011): 873-903.
- Jappelli, Tullio and Marco Pagano. "Saving, Growth, and Liquidity Constraints." Quarterly Journal of Economics 109 (1994): 83-109.
- Keen, Steve. "Finance and Economic Breakdown: Modeling Minsky's 'Financial Instability Hypothesis'." Journal of Post Keynesian Economics 17, 4 (1995): 607-635.
- Keynes, John Maynard. A Treatise on Money. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1930.
- King, Robert and Ross Levine. "Finance and Growth: Schumpeter Might Be Right." Quarterly Journal of Economics 108, 3 (1993): 717-737.
- Krippner, Greta. "The Financialization of the American Economy." Socio-Economic Review 3, 2 (2005): 173- 208
- Lane, Philip and Gian Maria Milesi-Ferretti. "The Cross-Country Incidence of the Global Crisis." IMF Economic Review 59, 1 (2011): 77-110.
- McLeay, Michael, Amar Radia and Ryland Thomas. "Money in the Modern Economy: An Introduction" Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin 2014Q1, 2014.
- Mian, Atif and Amir Sufi. House of Debt. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2014.
- Minsky, Hyman. Stabilizing an Unstable Economy. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1986.
- Obstfeld, Maurice and Kenneth Rogoff. "Global Imbalances and the Financial Crisis: Products of Common Causes." Proceedings, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco (October 2009): 131-172.
- Piketty, Thomas. Capital in the 21st Century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014.
- Rose, A.K. and M.M. Spiegel. "Cross-Country Causes and Consequences of the Crisis: An Update." European Economic Review 55, 3 (2011): 309-324.
- Sbordone, Argia M., Andrea Tambalotti, Krishna Rao and Kieran Walsh. "Policy Analysis Using DSGE Models: An Introduction." Economic Policy Review 16, 2 (2010): 23-43.
- Schumpeter, Joseph. The Theory of Economic Development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1934.
- Stockhammer, Engelbert. "Financialisation and the Slowdown of Accumulation." Cambridge Journal of Economics 28, 5 (2004): 719-741
- Tobin, James. "On the Efficiency of the Financial System." Lloyds Bank Review 153 (1984): 1-15
- Van Arnum, Bradford and Michele Naples. "Financialization and Income Inequality in the United States, 1967-2010." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 72, 5 (2013): 1158-1182.
- Werner, Richard. "Towards a New Monetary Paradigm: A Quantity Theorem of Disaggregated Credit, with Evidence from Japan." Kredit und Kapital 30, 2 (1997): 276-309.
- ---. New Paradigm in Macroeconomics: Solving the Riddle of Japanese Macroeconomic Performance. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
- Wray, L. Randall. "The Rise and Fall of Money Manager Capitalism: A Minskian Approach." Cambridge Journal of Economics 33, 4 (2009): 807-828.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mapping modern economic rents: the good, the bad, and the grey areas
Mazzucato, M., Ryan-Collins, J., & Gouzoulis, G. (2023) · Cambridge Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/cje/bead013 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bezemer, D., & Hudson, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Peking University (CN)
- ORCID
- Bezemer, Dirk
- Venue
- Journal of Economic Issues
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-07-02
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 745-768
- ISSN
- 0021-3624 (ISSN-L)
- 1946-326X
- OpenAlex
- W2518450452
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 22.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Economic Issues (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › General Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economic Theory and Policy
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Economy and Marxism
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Housing, Finance, and Neoliberalism
- Keywords
- physical capital, financial capital, rent, productive credit, household credit, mortgage credit, economic crisis, economic recession, classical economics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review