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The Effects of Homework on Learning: A Quantitative Synthesis
Abstract
This paper synthesizes empirical studies of homework and of various homework strategies on the academic achievement and attitude of elementary and secondary students. A computer search yielded 15 published and unpublished studies with explicit statistical results. Fifty-four characteristics of treatments, contexts, conditions, validity, and outcomes were coded for each study. About 85% of the effect sizes favored the homework groups. The mean effect size is .36 (probability less than .0001). Homework that was graded or contained teachers' comments produced stronger effects (.80).
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Citations
Cited by
Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.12.1181 · Cited by 2,033
Does Homework Improve Academic Achievement? A Synthesis of Research, 1987–2003
Cooper, H., Robinson, J. C., & Patall, E. A. (2006) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543076001001 · Cited by 1,230
Larson, R. W., & Verma, S. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.701 · Cited by 1,166
Using Research to Answer Practical Questions About Homework
Cooper, H., & Valentine, J. C. (2001) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1207/s15326985ep3603_1 · Cited by 329
Parental involvement, homework, and tv time: direct and indirect effects on high school achievement.
Keith, T. Z., Reimers, T. M., Fehrmann, P. G., Pottebaum, S. M., & Aubey, L. W. (1986) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.78.5.373 · Cited by 292
Metadata
- Authors
- Paschal, R. A., Weinstein, T., & WAlberg, H. J. W.
- Venue
- The Journal of Educational Research
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1984-11
- Volume
- 78
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97-104
- ISSN
- 0022-0671 (ISSN-L)
- 1940-0675
- OpenAlex
- W2144631945
- Cited by
- 270
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 34.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Effects of Homework on Learning: A Quantitative Synthesis. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/00220671.1984.10885581
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- Paschal, R. A., Weinstein, T., & WAlberg, H. J. W. (1984). The Effects of Homework on Learning: A Quantitative Synthesis. The Journal of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1984.10885581
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Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
