The DOI matches its Crossref record; 39 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
“What's too much and what's too little?”: The Process of Becoming an Independent Researcher in Doctoral Education
Abstract
The transition to independent scholar, while necessary in doctoral education, is nevertheless often difficult for students. This study details the transition to independence through the lens of socialization in three developmental phases, as witnessed by 40 doctoral students in the disciplines of chemistry and history at two institutions.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Qualitative Research for Education: An Introduction to Theory and Methods
Bogdan, R., & Biklen, S. K. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 14,874
Social Theory and Social Structure
Ross, E. J., & Merton, R. K. (1958) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3709394 · Cited by 10,315
Leaving College: Rethinking the Causes and Cures of Student Attrition
Bean, J. P. (1988) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.1988.11780239 · Cited by 7,369
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 6,077
Social Theory and Social Structure.
Stone, G. P., & Merton, R. K. (1958) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2390803 · Cited by 4,499
Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research
(2007) · Higher Education: Handbook of Theory and Research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5666-6 · Cited by 2,359
The characteristics of subject matter in different academic areas.
Biglan, A. (1973) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0034701 · Cited by 1,766
Preparing the Next Generation of Faculty: Graduate School as Socialization to the Academic Career
Austin, A. E. (2002) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1353/jhe.2002.0001 · Cited by 1,347
Leaving the Ivory Tower: The Causes and Consequences of Departure from Doctoral Study
Gregory, D. G., & Lovitts, B. E. (2003) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/3089631 · Cited by 992
Socialization of Graduate and Professional Students in Higher Education, a Perilous Passage?
(2003) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2003.11780868 · Cited by 710
Cited by
Sverdlik, A., C. Hall, N., McAlpine, L., & Hubbard, K. (2018) · International Journal of Doctoral Studies · doi:10.28945/4113 · Cited by 616
Doctoral students’ well-being: a literature review
Schmidt, M., & Hansson, E. (2018) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2018.1508171 · Cited by 244
Posselt, J. (2018) · The Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/00221546.2018.1449080 · Cited by 131
Racism camouflaged as impostorism and the impact on Black STEM doctoral students
McGee, E. O., Botchway, P. K., Naphan-Kingery, D. E., Brockman, A. J., Houston, S., & White, D. T. (2022) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2021.1924137 · Cited by 118
Addressing Negative Racial and Gendered Experiences That Discourage Academic Careers in Engineering
Robinson, W. H., McGee, E. O., Bentley, L. C., Houston, S. L., & Botchway, P. K. (2016) · Computing in Science & Engineering · doi:10.1109/mcse.2016.38 · Cited by 86
Metadata
- Authors
- Gardner, S. K.
- Venue
- The Journal of Higher Education
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-05
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 326-350
- ISSN
- 0022-1546 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4640
- OpenAlex
- W2152318284
- Cited by
- 451
- References
- 39
- FWCI
- 28.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: “What's too much and what's too little?”: The Process of Becoming an Independent Researcher in Doctoral Education. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/00221546.2008.11772101
- The paper
- Gardner, S. K. (2008). “What's too much and what's too little?”: The Process of Becoming an Independent Researcher in Doctoral Education. The Journal of Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221546.2008.11772101
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.