The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 14 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI): A Multidimensional Self-Report Instrument for the Assessment of Female Sexual Function
Open accessAbstract
This article presents the development of a brief, self-report measure of female sexual function. Initial face validity testing of questionnaire items, identified by an expert panel, was followed by a study aimed at further refining the questionnaire. It was administered to 131 normal controls and 128 age-matched subjects with female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) at five research centers. Based on clinical interpretations of a principal components analysis, a 6-domain structure was identified, which included desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. Overall test-retest reliability coefficients were high for each of the individual domains (r = 0.79 to 0.86) and a high degree of internal consistency was observed (Cronbach's alpha values of 0.82 and higher) Good construct validity was demonstrated by highly significant mean difference scores between the FSAD and control groups for each of the domains (p < or = 0.001). Additionally, divergent validity with a scale of marital satisfaction was observed. These results support the reliability and psychometric (as well as clinical) validity of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in the assessment of key dimensions of female sexual function in clinical and nonclinical samples. Our findings also suggest important gender differences in the patterning of female sexual function in comparison with similar questionnaire studies in males.
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36 Own result · 11 Own method · 9 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation · 7 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Good construct validity was demonstrated by highly significant mean difference scores between the FSAD and control groups for each of the domains (p < 0.001).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, divergent validity with a scale of marital satisfaction was observed.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a high degree of internal consistency was observed (Cronbach's alpha values of 0.82 and higher)”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on clinical interpretations of a principal components analysis, a 6domain structure was identified, which included desire, subjective arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Each female sexual disorder corresponds to different phases or domains of sexual function.
- Rests on an assumption: Sexual satisfaction is an important dimension of sexual function, although no separate diagnostic category exists for dysfunction in this dimension.
- Rests on an assumption: Sexual response and dysfunction involve both psychological and organic processes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall testretest reliability coefficients were high for each of the individual domains (r = 0.79 to 0.86)”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As further support for the construct validity of the FSFI, the correlations between the Locke-Wallace and the FSFI, even when statistically significant, were generally modest in magnitude.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Divergent Validty
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while showing only modest correlations with a measure of marital satisfaction (divergent validity).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test validly measures marital satisfaction.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significantly more controls than FSAD subjects (34% vs 19%) were unmarried.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is psychometrically sound”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on the results of the factor analysis of the 19-item questionnaire using the complete sample, individual items were assigned to five separate domains of female sexual function: desire/arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- Probably not a substantial claim. 11
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Items generally clustered in the predicted fashion and had relatively high factor loadings, supporting the factoral validity of the final questionnaire.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlation between the Locke-Wallace and the total FSFI score was low moderate for the control group (r = 0.53) and very low for the FSAD group (r = 0.22).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Divergent Validty
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The FSFI, a 19-item questionnaire, has been developed as a brief, multidimensional self-report instrument for assessing the key dimensions of sexual function in women.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > CONCLUSIONS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For FSAD subjects, the highest positive correlation was between the domains of desire and arousal (r = 0.71), consistent with the factor analysis results described above.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The factor loadings of the individual items fit the expected pattern, supporting the factorial validity of this instrument.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data from this initial validation study indicated that the majority of subjects understood the questions and response options, although some of the questions and choices were re-worded to improve clarity.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Phase I: Item Selection
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As seen in Table 5, overall test-retest reliability was relatively high for all of the domains (r = 0.79 -0.86) and for the total scale (r = 0.88).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Reliability
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four factors with eigenvalues over 1.00 were identified for all three samples; however, a five-factor solution with the FSAD group yielded the most consistent pattern of factor loadings.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The pattern of factor loadings was similar for the total group and the FSAD group alone.The pattern was less clear for the control sample alone.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the FSAD group, the domain of desire showed the highest test-retest reliability (r = 0.80), with the other domains showing moderately high correlations (r = 0.62 -0.71).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Reliability
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown, high inter-item correlations were observed for all six domains (Cronbach's alpha values of 0.82 and higher).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Reliability
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The individual domains of the FSFI and the FSFI full scale score showed high internal consistency and acceptable test-retest reliability.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, higher reliability of domain scores was obtained for the control group than for the FSAD group, though all reliability coefficients were statistically significant.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Reliability
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The correlations between pain and desire (r = 0. 15) and between pain and orgasm (r = 0.10) failed to reach statistical significance for the FSAD group.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Divergence of the FSFI from the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test was greater for the FSAD group than for the controls, for whom a moderately high correlation was observed between marital satisfaction and the FSFI domain of global sexual satisfaction.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test validly measures marital satisfaction.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In this group, for example, one factor was comprised of a mix of lubrication and arousal items, and another consisted of a mix of arousal and orgasm items.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown, statistically significant differences between the groups were observed for all the domains and for the full scale score.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Discriminant Validity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic & Statistical Manual, version IV (DSM-IV) (American Psychiatric Association, 1994) system of classification was intended as a nomenclature for mental disorders only.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 1994
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our findings also suggest important gender differences in the patterning of female sexual function in comparison with similar questionnaire studies in males.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results support the reliability and psychometric (as well as clinical) validity of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in the assessment of key dimensions of female sexual function in clinical and nonclinical samples.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A major barrier to clinical research in female sexual dysfunction is the absence of well-defined endpoints and outcomes, reflecting lack of consensus on definition and diagnostic framework.
- Rests on an assumption: There are no empirically validated instruments for assessing female arousal, which impedes pharmacological and psychological research in female sexual response.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The DSM-IV and ICD-10 also recognize the need for a subjective distress criterion in defining sexual dysfunction.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites American Psychiatric Association, 1994
- Not checked yetcites World Health Organization, 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since a pattern of factor results was obtained that was very similar to that described below for the complete sample, further analyses were performed with all study subjects included.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plainn = 3- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two groups were comparable with respect to race, education, income, and number of children.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Study Participant Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mean (± SD) ages of the FSAD group (N = 128) and control group (N = l31) were 40.5 ± 12.98 years and 39.7 ± 13.15 years, respectively.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Study Participant Characteristics
plainn = 128- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This relationship demonstrates a considerable overlap between the dimensions of desire and arousal in women, consistent with clinical observation and contrasting with findings in studies of sexual dysfunction in men (Rosen, Riley, Wagner, Osterloh, Kirkpatrick, & Mishra, 1997).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rosen, Riley, Wagner, Osterloh, Kirkpatrick, & Mishra, 1997
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The two groups did not differ signifi-cantly in the proportion of women taking hormone replacement therapy.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Study Participant Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significantly greater percentage of healthy volunteers than women with FSAD also used some form of contraceptive (54% versus 39%, respectively, p = 0.033).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Study Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in marital status (p = 0.042), with a greater proportion of married women in the FSAD group (69% versus 55%) and more single women in the control group (34% versus 19%).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Study Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More recent questionnaires provide greater detail on sexual frequency, desire, and arousal, but were developed prior to the current classification of sexual disorders and do not address some aspects of the current definitions (Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1979;Taylor, Rosen, & Leiblum, 1994).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Derogatis & Melisaratos, 1979
- Not checked yetcites Taylor, Rosen, & Leiblum, 1994
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which may have contributed to drug-induced sexual dysfunction.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a reanalysis of the FSFI factor structure following the exclusion of data from subjects who reported that they had no recent sexual activity showed little change.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the statistical solution supported a 5-factor solution, clinical consideration dictated separating the domain of desire/arousal.Therefore, the final set of items was assigned to a six domain instrument measuring: (a) desire, (b) arousal, (c) lubrication, (d) orgasm, (e) global satisfaction, and (f) pain.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Factor Analysis and Domain Scoring
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Each female sexual disorder corresponds to different phases or domains of sexual function.
- Rests on an assumption: Sexual satisfaction is an important dimension of sexual function, although no separate diagnostic category exists for dysfunction in this dimension.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects from the clinical sample were agematched (± 2 years) with subjects from the nonclinical sample.”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Phase 2: Reliability and Construct Validity
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Sexual response involves a temporal sequencing and coordination of several phases (Masters & Johnson, 1966).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Masters & Johnson, 1966
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This panel recommended maintaining four major categories of dysfunction (desire disorders, arousal disorder, orgasmic disorder, and sexual pain disorders), as described in the DSM-IV and ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases) (World Health Organization, 1992).”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites International Consensus Development Conference on Female Sexual Dysfunctions: Definitions and Classifications, in press
- Not checked yetcites World Health Organization, 1992
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
A major barrier to clinical research in female sexual dysfunction is the absence of well-defined endpoints and outcomes, reflecting lack of consensus on definition and diagnostic framework.
“A major barrier to the development of clinical research in this area has been the absence of well-defined endpoints and outcomes, which in turn reflects the current lack of consensus in regards to the definition and diagnostic framework for assessing and treating female sexual dysfunction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
At present there are no validated instruments specific to sexual distress.
“However, at the present time there are no validated sexual distress specific instruments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The most valid way to assess sexual function in women is in a naturalistic setting, and self-report is the only currently available method for measuring sexual response at home.
“However, it has been proposed that the most valid way to assess sexual function in women is in a naturalistic setting, and the self-report technique is the only method currently available for measuring sexual response in an at-home setting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Each female sexual disorder corresponds to different phases or domains of sexual function.
“Each of the different disorders (hypoactive sexual desire disorder, sexual arousal disorder, sexual pain disorders, and orgasmic disorder) has correspondence to different phases or domains of sexual function.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sexual satisfaction is an important dimension of sexual function, although no separate diagnostic category exists for dysfunction in this dimension.
“Sexual satisfaction is considered one of the important dimensions of sexual function, although no separate diagnostic category is provided for dysfunction in this dimension.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Differentiating the hierarchy of disorders within a given patient may be quite difficult.
“Since differentiation of the hierarchy of disorders within a given patient may be quite difficult, instruments are needed that allow measurement of the relative strength of dysfunction within each domain.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Female sexual arousal has tended to be neglected as a target of diagnostic or empirical research, unlike male sexual arousal.
“Unlike male sexual arousal, which is relatively easy to assess and evaluate, female sexual arousal has tended to be neglected as a target of diagnostic or empirical research.”
The paper relies on this without support.
It has been difficult to specify what dimensions characterize female arousal and what constitutes an arousal disorder.
“It has been difficult to specify what dimensions characterize female arousal and what constitutes an arousal disorder.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no empirically validated instruments for assessing female arousal, which impedes pharmacological and psychological research in female sexual response.
“Similarly, there are, at present, no empirically validated instruments for assessing female arousal, which impedes pharmacological and psychological research in female sexual response.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Without an objectively validated self-report instrument demonstrating reliability and validity, outcome research in female sexuality will continue to lag behind male sexuality.
“Without an objectively validated self-report instrument that demonstrates both reliability and validity, outcome research in female sexuality will continue to lag behind that of male sexuality.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sexual response and dysfunction involve both psychological and organic processes.
“Sexual response and dysfunction are conceptualized as involving both psychological and organic processes; however, the American Psychiatric Association's”
The paper relies on this without support.
The Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test validly measures marital satisfaction.
“Divergence of the FSFI from the Locke-Wallace Marital Adjustment Test was greater for the FSAD group than for the controls”
The paper relies on this without support.
The FSAD diagnosis used to classify subjects is valid.
“differentiate between FSAD and non-FSAD subjects”
The paper relies on this without support.
The control group represents women with normal sexual response.
“women with normal sexual response”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“Between-groups comparisons on outcome and process measures showed no signi fi cant di ff erences between the groups at baseline, with the exception of a lower level of sexual desire in the control group (t=2.44 [35], p=0.020).”
From A feasibility trial of online Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for women with provoked vestibulodynia (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A score of 26.55 or less indicates significant sexual problems [15, 16].”
From Association of mindfulness with female sexual dysfunction (2022) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire is a 19-item multidimensional self-report instrument for evaluating the main categories of female sexual dysfunction and sexual satisfaction (54,55).”
From A stepped-care approach to symptomatic endometriosis management: A participatory research initiative (2018) · cites this paper as [54]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“| Married | 88 (68.8) | 71 (51.6) | |”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > CONCLUSIONS
Reported 51.6 · recomputed 54.198473
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Satisfaction 14, 15, 16 0 (or 1)-5 0.4 0 6.0”
§ Th e Fe m ale Sex ual Fun ction Index (FSFI): A Multidim en sion al Self-Report Instrum en t for the Assessm en t of Fem ale Sex ual Fun ction > Additional information
Reported 0 · recomputed 0.8
Citations
Cites
Rosen, R. C., Riley, A., Wagner, G., Osterloh, I. H., Kirkpatrick, J., & Mishra, A. (1997) · Urology · doi:10.1016/s0090-4295(97)00238-0 · Cited by 5,849
Sexual Dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and Predictors
Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R. C. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.6.537 · Cited by 5,119
Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,080
DSM-IV: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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The social organization of sexuality
Haverkos, H. W. (1995) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.274.7.535 · Cited by 798
The DSFI: A multidimensional measure of sexual functioning
Derogatis, L. R., & Melisaratos, N. (1979) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/00926237908403732 · Cited by 623
Incidence and prevalence of the sexual dysfunctions: A critical review of the empirical literature
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- International Consensus Development Conference on Female Sexual Dysfunctions: Definitions and Classifications (in press). Boston, MA 1998. Urology.
- World Health Organization, 1992, ICD-10: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
- Zuckerman M., 1973, Clin Psychol., 41, 27
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rosen, C. B.
- Venue
- Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 191-208
- ISSN
- 0092-623X (ISSN-L)
- 1521-0715
- OpenAlex
- W2112997260
- Cited by
- 6,593
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 348 · 2025: 432 · 2024: 403 · 2023: 428 · 2022: 477 · 2021: 489 · 2020: 424 · 2019: 390 · 2018: 357 · 2017: 332 · 2016: 332 · 2015: 286 · 2014: 323 · 2013: 260 · 2012: 237
- FWCI
- 12.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Sexual function and dysfunction studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Sexuality, Behavior, and Technology
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- Female Sexual Function Index, female sexual function, female sexual arousal disorder, self-report questionnaire, psychometric validation, test-retest reliability, construct validity, discriminant validity, sexual desire, subjective arousal, vaginal lubrication, orgasm, sexual satisfaction, sexual pain, marital satisfaction
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self-Assessment, Reproducibility of Results, Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological
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