The DOI matches its Crossref record.
The Middle East: A region without regionalism or the end of exceptionalism?
Abstract
In terms of regionalisation the Middle East appears to exemplify the region's status of being the 'exceptional' case, eternally out of step with history and immune to the trends affecting other parts of the world. This article will analyse whether recent trends of economic liberalisation might give an impulse to regionalisation. This is done by focusing on the 'double assignment' of the bourgeoisie: curbing state autonomy and acting as the 'championing social class' whose specific interests coincide with the prospect of a larger unified market. The article concludes that we can not expect Arab regional economic integration to be spurred on.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Between 1945 and 1980, the League had passed over four thousand resolutions, 80% of which were never implemented (Aarts 1999, 917).”
From The Arab League has No Bark and No Bite (2020) · cites this paper as Aarts 1999, 917
In the citing paper
“While the Arab League is the oldest functioning regional organisation worldwide, regionalism -understood here as the policies, practices, and ideas of institutionalised cooperation between states and non-state actors within a geographically defined area -has remained limited in this part of the world.”
From Regionalism and Alliances in the Middle East, 2011-2021: From a “Flash in the Pan” of Regional Cooperation to Liquid Alliances (2024) · cites this paper as Aarts 1999
Citations
Cites
No references could be resolved yet.
Research works printed but not linked: 54
- Noble P, 1991, The Foreign Policies of Arab States
- Said Aly A M, 1996, The International Spectator, 26
- 10.1007/978-1-349-22487-6 · DOI
- Kemp , Geoffrey and Harkavy , Robert E , eds. 1997.Strategic Geography and the Changing Middle East, 13–15. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace/Brookings Institution Press.
- Nonneman G, 1992, The Middle East and Europe. An Integrated Community Approach, 33
- George D, 1996, Islamic Fundamentalism, 71
- 10.1080/01436599208420293 · DOI
- Zanders , J P . 1994. “'A new security (dis)order for the Gulf'”. Vol. 2, 1Brussels: Centrum voor Polemologie). POLE-Papers
- Faour, The Arab WorM, 86
- 10.4324/9780203422380 · DOI
- al-Hamad T, 1997, MERIA Journal, 2
- Nonneman, The Middle East and Europe, 54
- Lawson F, 1999, Racing to Regionalize: Democracy, Capitalism, and Regional Political Economy
- 10.1057/9780230376007 · DOI
- Joffe G, The Middle East and Europe, 193
- Tripp C, 1995, Regionalism in World Politics. Regional Organization and International Order, 296
- Ryan C R, 1998, Middle East Journal, 52, 386
- Sayigh Y A, 1983, Arab Resources. The Transformation of a Society, 149
- 10.1007/978-1-349-25526-9_7 · DOI
- Salame G, 1994, Middle East Journal, 48, 226
- Landgraf M, 1994, Orient, 35, 81
- Corm G, 1997, Le Proche-Orient eclate. Mirages de paix et blocages identitaires 1990-1996
- Abdel-Fadil M, The Middle East in Global Change, 120
- Tschirgi D, 1996, Development in the Age of Liberalization. Egypt and Mexico, 9
- Stevens P, Economic and Political Liberalization, 114
- Richman S, Middle East Policy, 2, 142
- Rueschemeyer D, 1992, Capitalist Development and Democracy
- Sorensen G, 1993, Democracy and Democratization
- Diamond L, 1993, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy Revisited, 10.56021/9780801847462 · DOI
- 10.1017/CBO9780511558344 · DOI
- Bromley S, 1994, Rethinking Middle East Politics State Formation and Development
- Hippler J, 1995, The Democratisation of Disempowerment. The Problem of Democracy in the Third World
- Luciani G, 1994, Democracy without Democrats? The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, 130
- Luciani G, 1995, Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab WorM, 211
- Cox R, 1992, Socialist Register, 30
- Vandewalle D, 1992, The Maghreb Review, 17, 34
- 10.1080/01436599615362 · DOI
- Springborg R, 1993, Arab Studies Quarterly, 15, 26
- Henry C M, 1996, Money and Power in Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia and Turkey, 1
- Barakat , H . 1993.The Arab World, Society, Culture, and State, 73–96. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. · DOI
- Sharabi H, 1998, A Theory of Distorted Change in Arab Society
- Farsoun S, 1988, The Next Arab Decade. Alternative Futures
- Waterbury J, Salame, 27
- Hinnebusch R, Economic and Political Liberalization, 177
- Hinnebusch, 1993, Middle East Journal, 47, 243
- Chang H-J, paper presented to the conference on 'The Changing Role of the State'
- Hogenboom B, 1996, International Journal of Political Economy, 26, 12, 10.1080/08911916.1996.11643934 · DOI
- Sakbani M, 1992, Foreign and Intratrade Policies of Arab Countries, 90
- Guerrieri P, The Middle East in Global Change, 163
- Perthes, 1996, International Politik und Gesellschaft, 3, 275
- Padoan, The Middle East in Global Change, 199
- Guerrieri, The Middle East in Global Change, 168
- Krasner S, The Middle East in Global Change, 207
- Murphy E, 1996, Critique. Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East, 9, 89
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Del Sarto, R. A., & Soler i Lecha, E. (2024) · Geopolitics · doi:10.1080/14650045.2023.2268542 · Cited by 28
“1 Scholars have often considered the failure to establish solid regional arrangements, whether in the realms of security, politics, or economics, as an anomaly, allegedly reflecting the broader trend of the Middle East being immune to developments in other parts of the world (e.g., Aarts 1999, 911).”
BackgroundThe Arab League has No Bark and No Bite
Hedstrom, E. (2020) · Flux: International Relations Review · doi:10.26443/firr.v10i1.28 · Cited by 1
Isani, M. A. (2025) · Contemporary Review of the Middle East · doi:10.1177/23477989251345221 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Aarts, P.
- Corresponding author
- Aarts, Paul
- ORCID
- Aarts, Paul
- Venue
- Third World Quarterly
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 911-925
- ISSN
- 0143-6597 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-2241
- OpenAlex
- W2090551007
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Third World Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East Politics and Society
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Socioeconomic Development in MENA
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts
- Keywords
- regionalism, regionalization, Middle East, economic liberalization, bourgeoisie, state autonomy, unified market, exceptionalism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Middle East: A region without regionalism or the end of exceptionalism? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/01436599913406
- The paper
- Aarts, P. (1999). The Middle East: A region without regionalism or the end of exceptionalism? Third World Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599913406