Development of a scale for assessment of agitation following traumatic brain injury

Coefficient Alpha and the Internal Structure of Tests

Cronbach, L. J. (1951) · Psychometrika · doi:10.1007/bf02310555 · Cited by 43,931

Construct validity in psychological tests.

Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS

Bannister, D., & Fransella, F. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203405321_chapter_1 · Cited by 8,589

SAS user's guide

Barr, A. J. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,198

Reliability and Validity Assessment

Carmines, E., & Zeller, R. (1979) · doi:10.4135/9781412985642 · Cited by 5,884

Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Karin, A., & Kristina, A. (1976) · Journal of Sound and Vibration · doi:10.1016/0022-460x(76)90695-7 · Cited by 5,508

Reliability and Validity Assessment

Kurian, G. T. (2011) · CQ Press eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781608712434.n1341 · Cited by 5,046

Measures of Association for Cross Classifications

Goodman, L. A., & Kruskal, W. (1979) · Springer series in statistics · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-9995-0 · Cited by 2,255

Statistics for the social sciences

Hays, W. L. (1973) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,081

Measures of Association for Cross Classifications*

Goodman, L. A., & Kruskal, W. (1954) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1954.10501231 · Cited by 684

Long-Term Effects of a Behavioural Management Technique for Nurses on Aggressive Behaviour in Brain-Injured Patients.

Pouwels, C. G. J. G., Spauwen, P. J. J., Heugten, C. M. V., Verberne, D. P. J., Botteram, R., Winkens, I., & Ponds, R. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 3

The psychometric measures to assess aggressive dimension following traumatic brain injury

Corallo, F., Anselmo, A., Palmeri, R., Cara, M. D., Formica, C., Salvo, S. D., Todaro, A., Rifici, C., Marino, S., Bramanti, P., et al. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024648 · Cited by 3

Cross-cultural adaptation, translation, and validation of a Spanish version of the Westmead Post-traumatic Amnesia Scale for use following a traumatic brain injury

Walsh, H., Fleming, J., & Murillo, N. (2021) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2021.1959351 · Cited by 3

Enhancing management of agitation after traumatic brain injury: Psychiatric perspectives and quantitative assessments

Kalra, I. D., & Watanabe, T. K. (2023) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-230009 · Cited by 3

Monitoring Agitated Behavior After acquired Brain Injury: Onset, Duration, Intensity, and Nursing Shift Variation

Aadal, L., Mortensen, J., & Nielsen, J. F. (2015) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/rnj.251 · Cited by 3

Lithium Treatment for Post−Head Injury Volatility

Cruz, C., Jetter, K. M., & Stewart, J. T. (2015) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2015.05.005 · Cited by 3

The role of subacute rehabilitation services after brain injury

Stewart, D. G., Miller, M. A., & Cifu, D. X. (1998) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s1053-8135(97)00041-3 · Cited by 3

REGISTERED NURSES' EXPERIENCES OF CARE FOR INDIVIDUALS WITH MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES IN THE EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT

Tyerman, J. J. (2014) · Cited by 3

Agitated Behavior Scale

Becker, M., & Allen, D. N. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_165-3 · Cited by 3

Recovery patterns of body functions and activities of daily living performance across the progression and resolution of posttraumatic amnesia

Walsh, H., Fleming, J., & Murillo, N. (2025) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2025.2479823 · Cited by 3

Assessing and Managing Agitation During Early Recovery in Children With Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Australia: A National Survey

Knight, S., Jenkin, T., Anderson, V. A., Tavender, E. J., Pinto, C., McKay, A., Lannin, N. A., & Scheinberg, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000001119 · Cited by 2

Antipsychotic Drugs: The Antithesis to Neurorehabilitation in Models of Pre-Clinical Traumatic Brain Injury

Race, N. S., Moschonas, E. H., B, J. P. C. A., Bondi, C. O., & Kline, A. E. (2023) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1089/neur.2023.0082 · Cited by 2

Development of a Multidimensional, Multigroup Measure of Cognitive-Communication for Inpatient Rehabilitation

Carpenter, J., Deom, C., Bodine, A. J., Heinemann, A. W., Lieber, R. L., & Sliwa, J. A. (2025) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2025.02.007 · Cited by 2

Développement et validation de contenu de l’échelle d’impact des problèmes actuels de comportement (IMPAC)

Thibault, G., Croteau, C., Lillo, S. D., Ahumada-Alarcon, R., & Gagnon, J. (2021) · Revue de psychoéducation · doi:10.7202/1077070ar · Cited by 2

Determining the Need for Pain Medications for a Patient With a Disorder of Consciousness

Caroline Schnakers, A., Marino, M. H., & Watanabe, T. K. (2015) · PM&R · doi:10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.02.014 · Cited by 2

Hand massage in the agitated elderly

Remington, R. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7234-3217-3.50013-2 · Cited by 2

Traumatic Brain Injury

Wagner, A. K., Arenth, P. M., Kwasnica, C. M., & Rogers, E. H. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-0884-4.10049-7 · Cited by 2

Neuropsychiatry and TraumaticBrain Injury

Scicutella, A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-37575-5_6 · Cited by 2

Using the Agitated Behavior Scale to Evaluate Restlessness/Agitation Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Novack, T. A., & Penrod, L. E. (1993) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-1993-3309 · Cited by 2

The development of criteria for defining sedative music , and its impact on adults with mild, moderate, and servere intellectual disability and challenging behaviour

Hooper, J. (2010) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · Cited by 2

Treatment of Agitation With Propranolol

Meythaler, J. M., Elliott, T. R., Chen, Y., & Novack, T. A. (2006) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200609000-00023 · Cited by 2

NANDA nursing diagnoses associated with the occurrence of psychomotor agitation in patients with severe mental disorder: a cross-sectional study

Garrote‐Cámara, M. E., Juárez‐Vela, R., Rodríguez-Muñoz, P.-M., Pérez, J., González, J. L. S., Rubinat, E., Navas-Echazarreta, N., Sufrate‐Sorzano, T., & Santolalla‐Arnedo, I. (2023) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-023-01434-2 · Cited by 1

Functional independence and agitation outcomes following inpatient rehabilitation after structural brain injury: A retrospective cohort study

Pauli, E., Debecker, I., & Hund‐Georgiadis, M. (2024) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2024.2328871 · Cited by 1

Measures used to evaluate psychosocial interventions in dementia care: A narrative review and synthesis

Brookman, R., Christensen, J., Maurice, O. R., Aghaei, M., Cass, A. S., Monzaviyan, S., Shatnawi, E., Carter, M., Tran, J., McIlwain, N., et al. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261459125 · Cited by 1

Pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for altered consciousness and agitation following paediatric acquired brain injury: a scoping literature review

Jenkin, T., Mak, Z., Odorico, N., Anderson, V. A., Scheinberg, A. M., Tavender, E. J., Pinto, C., McKay, A., Lannin, N. A., & Knight, S. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2690050 · Cited by 1

Development of a clinical screening tool to differentiate levels of challenging patient behaviour

Royle, J., & Whitehill, Y. (2010) · International Journal of Therapy and Rehabilitation · doi:10.12968/ijtr.2010.17.8.49297 · Cited by 1

Agitation Duration, Density and Intensity Predict Rehab Length of Stay And Motor FIMs in TBI

Bockbrader, M. A., Mortimer, D. S., Worthen‐Chaudhari, L., Rosenthal, J., Corrigan, J. D., Mysiw, W. J., & Bogner, J. A. (2014) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2014.07.208 · Cited by 1

Future directions in research

Currier, G. W., Allen, M. H., Bunney, E. B., Daniel, D. G., Francis, A., Jagoda, A. S., & ZIMBROFF, D. L. (2004) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2004.09.005 · Cited by 1

Neurorehabilitation

Formisano, R., Azicnuda, E., Bivona, U., Ciurli, M. P., Gabrielli, A., & Catani, S. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-5226-2_43 · Cited by 1

Sleep Disturbance During Post-Traumatic Amnesia and Early Recovery After Traumatic Brain Injury

Fedele, B., Williams, G. P., McKenzie, D. P., Giles, R., McKay, A., & Olver, J. (2024) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2023.0656 · Cited by 1

Measuring behavioural disturbances exhibited by children and adolescents in post‐traumatic amnesia: Development of a scale

Shimmins, A., Brookes, N., Epps, A., Parry, L., & Lah, S. S. (2024) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1111/jnp.12367 · Cited by 1

Pharmacotherapy of behavioral disturbances

McAllister, T. W., & Arciniegas, D. B. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139016919.037 · Cited by 1

Assessing aggression following Acquired Brain Injury (ABI): a systematic review of assessment measures

Whitwham, S., & Jones, K. A. (2019) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1655795 · Cited by 1

Medical Cannabis Reduced Agitation in Acquired Brain Injury: A Case Study

Hergert, D. C., Mayer, A. R., Hutchison, K. E., Sadek, J. R., & Quinn, D. K. (2020) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2020.01.006 · Cited by 1

Inclusion, delivery, assessment, and outcomes in longitudinal research on sleep disturbance and agitation in TBI-rehabilitation: lessons learned and future considerations

Egerod, I., Poulsen, I., Langhorn, L., & Aadal, L. (2021) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2021.1978546 · Cited by 1

Persönlichkeitsstörungen und Hirnschädigung: Theoretische Grundlagen

Prigatano, G. P. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-18768-1_6 · Cited by 1

Music therapy for a 10-year old child experiencing agitation during posttraumatic amnesia: an intrinsic mixed methods case study

Bower, J. (2010) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) · Cited by 1

Methotrimeprazine in the treatment of agitation in acquired brain injury patients

Maryniak, R. M. O. (2001) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050121228 · Cited by 1

Agitated Behavior Scale

Allen, D. N. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_165 · Cited by 1

A Quantitative and qualitative inquiry into dementia and physically aggressive behaviour in residential aged care

Cubit, K. A. (2009) · UTAS Research Repository · doi:10.25959/23206748 · Cited by 1

The applicability of the FIM in patients with neurological conditions undergoing early post-acute rehabilitation

Scheuringer, M. (2007) · Electronic Theses of LMU Munich (Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) · doi:10.5282/edoc.7795

The Effects of Live and Recorded Musical Presentation on Stimulated Behaviors in Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease

Mancini, N. L. (2006) · Syracuse University Libraries (Syracuse University)

Development of an Agitation Rating Scale for Use with Acute Presentation Behavioral Management Patients

Strout, T. D., Baumann, M. R., & Schultz, A. A. (2005) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.06.370

Agitation After Traumatic Brain Injury and Treatment Options

Lombard, L. A., ZAFONTE, R. D., & Zafonte, D. (2005)

Douleur, affectivité, personnalité et fonctionnement attentionnel suite à un traumatisme craniocérébral léger

Beaupré, M. (2011) · doi:10.71781/17753

Reading as a Nursing Intervention for Agitation in Patients With Anoxic Brain Injury

Schwark, J., & Fields, W. L. (2016) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/rnj.289

Neuropsychological and Psychosocial Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury

Chaudhury, S. (2017) · Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal · doi:10.19080/pbsij.2017.02.555595

Amisulpride in Refractory Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

Dhikav, V., Prajapati, D., Muzaffar, W., Agarwal, N., & Raisuddin, S. (2017) · Annals of Alzheimer s and Dementia Care · doi:10.17352/aadc.000001

Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychopharmacology

Tran, D. A., Bhatnagar, S., & ZAFONTE, R. D. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-36172-2_7021

Comprehensive brain injury agitation management in the critical care setting: Preliminary results on a multidisciplinary neurobehavioral approach

Rankin, E. J., Jazarevic, D., & Altaras, R. (2019) · Journal of the Intensive Care Society · doi:10.1177/1751143719848652

Neuropsychiatry and Traumatic Brain Injury

Scicutella, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16613-7_10

Tranquilización rápida: nuevos enfoques en el tratamiento de urgencias de las perturbaciones del comportamiento

Fruyt, J. D., & Demyttenaerea, K. (2004) · European psychiatry (Ed Española) · doi:10.1017/s1134066500008432

Mittelschweres Schädel-Hirn-Trauma (SHT)

Hellweg, S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-45206-2.00009-9

Agitation

Newman, P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_2113

Agitation

Newman, P. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_2113-2

A Retrospective Review on Post Traumatic Agitation Predictors in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Traumatic Brain Injury

Dagher, J. H., Massad, J., Lamoureux, J., de Guise, É., & Feyz, M. (2019) · Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences · doi:10.29169/1927-5129.2019.15.13

Hypoarousal

Grover-Manthey, B. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-56782-2_247-2

Agitated Behavior Scale

Becker, M., & Allen, D. N. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_165

Hypoarousal

Grover-Manthey, B. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57111-9_247

Agitation

Newman, P. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_2113

Evidence-based evaluation of programme interventions to achieve positive community integration outcomes for adults with acquired brain injury

Parvaneh, S. (2010) · eSpace (Curtin University)

Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychopharmacology

Tran, D. A., Bhatnagar, S., & ZAFONTE, R. D. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-27772-6_7021-1

Early Mobilization and Acute Rehabilitation in the NeuroICU

Formisano, R., Aloisi, M., Azicnuda, E., Silvestro, D., Ciurli, M. P., & Bivona, U. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62224-3_23

Pilot Study of Weighted Blankets on Agitation

Dimas, A., Lober, A., & Reeves, R. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/jnn.0000000000000799

The Overt Behavior Scale–In Session: A behavioral assessment tool for individuals with acquired brain injury in the inpatient rehabilitation setting

Herrin, I., Harik, L. M., Larkin, E., Simpson, G. K., Falcó, C., Blankenship, C., Wilmore, R., Gut, N., & KELLY, G. L. (2025) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.13448

Hospital Security Team Involvement in Emergency Mental Health Care of Patients

Southerland, L. T., Beck, A. S., Ganz, E. K., Pasadyn, C. L., Wollenberg, S., & Young, H. W. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.30439

Confusion Assessment Protocol: Italian Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation

Ferri, G., Carannante, A., Iannetti, M., Schiattone, S., Ciurli, P., Mogavero, F., Massimi, V., Aloisi, M., Formisano, R., & Giustini, M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15101102

Improvement in Functional Outcomes in Patients with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo

Harrell, R. G., & Whitney, S. L. (2025) · Case Reports in Neurological Medicine · doi:10.1155/crnm/6611253

Delirium and Dementia

Schutte, N. S., & Malouff, J. M. (1995) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1277-0_2

Alcohol Induced Psychotic Disorder: a comparitive study in patients with alcohol dependance, schizophrenia and normal controls

Jordaan, G. P., & Emsley, R. A. (2007) · SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University)

Additional file 1 of Agitation, confusion, and aggression in critically ill traumatic brain injury-a pilot cohort study (ACACIA-PILOT)

Williamson, D. R., Cherifa, S. I., Frenette, A. J., Saavedra‐Mitjans, M., Charbonney, E., Cataford, G., Williams, V., Palacios, J. L., Burry, L. D., Mehta, S., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13467363

Additional file 1 of Use of olanzapine to treat agitation in traumatic brain injury: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Phyland, R. K., McKay, A., Olver, J., Walterfang, M., Hopwood, M., Hicks, A. J., Mortimer, D., & Ponsford, J. L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12679881

Bedside Examination and Inpatient Report Writing

Bailey, E. K., Kurasz, A. M., & Boutzoukas, E. M. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05880-5_4

Management of Cognitive and Behavioral Sequelae in Inpatient Settings

Pender, J. A., & Reslan, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-05880-5_12

Influence of monoamines onto the cost-benefit trade-offs in motivation : a computational and pharmacological approach

Borderies, N. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/03f23bddzae42z426aza9e6z34fb21ff3d9e

Validated Measures of Agitation in Neurocognitive Disorders: A Systematic Review of 41 Scales and Their Alignment With International Psychogeriatric Association Criteria

Guan, D. X., AlSamsam, A., Chinna‐Meyyappan, A., Creese, B., GERMAIN, C. M., Fischer, C. E., Kossowska‐Kuhn, D., de Oliveira, F. F., Wang, H. J., Oru, J., et al. (2026) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2026.06.007

Untangling the Confusion: A Scoping Review of Terminology and Assessment Methods for Acute Confusional States Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Ruisseau, S. D., Leclerc, C., Briand, M., Potvin, M.-J., Bernard, F., Williamson, D. R., & Arbour, C. (2026) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000001176

Exploring the acceptability and feasibility of Melo™, a digital health technology to improve working with Behaviours that Challenge in neurorehabilitation

Lee, A., Handy, T., Watts, K., Timmons, C., & Teager, A. J. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Forum · doi:10.53841/bpscpf.2026.1.398.25

An exploratory retrospective analysis of concurrent metabolic and behavioral change in Prader-Willi syndrome during interdisciplinary inpatient stabilization

Ravindranathan, G., Stockton, B., Finnerty, J., Collier, A., & Cassidy, J. W. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.09.012

Implementation of the Agitated Behavior Scale for Hospitalized Children With Acquired Brain Injuries: A Quality Improvement Initiative

Vernacchia, C., Wyrwa, J. M., Brolsma, B. A., & Mann, K. (2026) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000001210

Apomorphine and psilocybin to improve recovery from coma in the intensive care unit: protocol for a prospective, open-label, dose-escalation study

Eigenbrodt, A. K., Laigaard, P. P., Hassani, M., Othman, M., Amiri, M., Møller, K., Kjærgaard, J., & Kondziella, D. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2026-124508

Assessment of agitation following brain injury

Corrigan, J. D., & Bogner, J. A. (1995) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1016/1053-8135(95)00118-r · Cited by 14

Rating Scale Analysis of the Agitated Behavior Scale

Bogner, J. A., Corrigan, J. D., Bode, R. K., & Heinemann, A. W. (2000) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00001199-200002000-00005 · Cited by 71

German version, inter- and intrarater reliability and internal consistency of the “Agitated Behavior Scale” (ABS-G) in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury

Hellweg, S., & Schuster‐Amft, C. (2016) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-016-0511-x · Cited by 8

The Feasibility, Reliability, and Clinical Utility of the Agitated Behavior Scale in Brain-Injured Rehabilitation Patients

Amato, S., Resan, M., & Mion, L. C. (2012) · Rehabilitation Nursing · doi:10.1002/rnj.00001 · Cited by 26

Factor Structure of the Agitated Behavior Scale in Traumatic Brain Injury During Posttraumatic Amnesia

Phyland, R. K., Ponsford, J. L., Gwini, S. M., & McKay, A. (2022) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000787 · Cited by 6