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The psychoneuroimmunology of pregnancy
Abstract
This review develops the hypothesis that psychosocial stress during the prenatal period has negative effects on pregnancy and birth outcome via altering maternal immune function. Clinical literature addressing the role of prenatal stress in pregnancy and infant outcome, immunity and infection during pregnancy, and the impact of stress on health in non-pregnant adults is synthesized to support a model of the psychoneuroimmunology of pregnancy in which stress-induced immunosuppression in pregnancy contributes to pregnancy complications and suboptimal infant development. Possible mechanisms for the impact of stress on pregnancy and birth are discussed as well as suggested avenues for exploration of these connections.
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“Since that time, several studies have supported these conclusions (see Coussons-Reide, Okun, and Simms 2003 for a review of such studies).”
From Resistance and Resilience: The Sojourner Syndrome and the Social Context of Reproduction in Cenral Harlem (2005) · cites this paper as Coussons-Reide, Okun, and Simms 2003
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Schetter, C. D. (2010) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.031809.130727 · Cited by 977
Psychosocial stress increases inflammatory markers and alters cytokine production across pregnancy
Coussons-Read, M. E., Okun, M. L., & Nettles, C. D. (2007) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2006.08.006 · Cited by 459
Self-citationPrenatal Stress Alters Cytokine Levels in a Manner That May Endanger Human Pregnancy
Coussons‐Read, M. E., Okun, M. L., Schmitt, M. P., & Giese, S. (2005) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000170331.74960.ad · Cited by 252
Self-citationMullings, L. (2005) · Transforming Anthropology · doi:10.1525/tran.2005.13.2.79 · Cited by 216
Effects of integrated yoga on quality of life and interpersonal relationship of pregnant women
Rakhshani, A., Maharana, S., Nagarathna, R., Nagendra, H. R., & Padmalatha, V. (2010) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9709-2 · Cited by 95
Weathering the storm; a review of pre-pregnancy stress and risk of spontaneous abortion
Frazier, T., HOGUE, C. J. R., Bonney, E. A., Yount, K. M., & Pearce, B. D. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.001 · Cited by 54
Imitating a stress response: A new hypothesis about the innate immune system’s role in pregnancy
Schminkey, D. L., & Groer, M. E. (2014) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2014.03.013 · Cited by 47
Comparison of Hair Cortisol Levels and Perceived Stress in Mothers Who Deliver at Preterm and Term
Duffy, A., Schminkey, D. L., Groer, M. E., Shelton, M. M., & Dutra, S. V. O. (2018) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800418758952 · Cited by 41
Chronic Stress and C-Reactive Protein in Mothers During the First Postpartum Year
Guardino, C. M., Schetter, C. D., Hobel, C. J., Lanzi, R. G., Schäfer, P., Thorp, J. M., & Shalowitz, M. U. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000424 · Cited by 21
Hashim, M. S., Coussa, A., Dhaheri, A. S. A., Marzouqi, A. M. A., Cheaib, S., Salame, A. A., Jamous, D. O. A., Naja, F., Hasan, H. A., Stojanovska, L., et al. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03941-z · Cited by 19
Mother-infant Interactions and the Development of Immunity from Conception through Weaning
Coe, C. L., & Lubach, G. R. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088576-3/50027-7 · Cited by 18
Kehler, S., Rayens, M. K., & Ashford, K. B. (2022) · Pregnancy Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.preghy.2022.02.009 · Cited by 13
Prenatal mood and anxiety disorders and associated cytokine changes
Mancuso, R. A., Ross, K. M., Accortt, E. E., Coussons‐Read, M. E., Okun, M. L., Irwin, J. L., Carroll, J., Hobel, C. J., & Schetter, C. D. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.014 · Cited by 12
Self-citationPatabendige, M., Wanniarachchi, D., Weerasinghe, M., Ruwanpathirana, P., Jayasundara, D. M. C. S., & Jayawardane, A. (2022) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-021-05893-1 · Cited by 8
Physical Activity, Chronic Stress, and Inflammation in Mothers during the First Postpartum Year
Guardino, C. M. (2014) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 3
Determining Whether Hypertensive Status and Stress Level Are Associated With Inflammatory Markers
Kehler, S., Rayens, M. K., & Ashford, K. B. (2019) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800419828104 · Cited by 2
Herrera, J. A. (2009) · Editorial Universidad del Valle eBooks · doi:10.25100/peu.36 · Cited by 2
Maldonado-Durán, J. M., & Lartigue, T. (2008) · Perinatología y Reproducción Humana
Effect of Stress, Emotional Lability and Depression on the Development of Pregnancy Complications
Laresgoiti‐Servitje, E. (2011) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Moritz, D. (2009) · ScholarWorks (Walden University)
Temporal Associations between Prenatal Psychosocial Context and Birth Outcomes
Schminkey, D. L. (2014) · doi:10.18130/v37f80
Combs-Orme, T. D. (2009) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780195389678-0089
McLaughlin, K. (2023) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/6zyk-0g10
Muis, M., Reski, R. N., Hadju, V., Syam, A., INDRIASARI, R., & Rahmawati, R. (2025) · Journal of Neonatal Surgery
Metadata
- Authors
- Coussons-Read, M., Okun, M., & Simms, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Denver (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 103-112
- ISSN
- 0264-6838 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-672X
- OpenAlex
- W1977591750
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Reproductive System and Pregnancy
- Keywords
- psychoneuroimmunology, pregnancy, prenatal stress, maternal immune function, immunosuppression, pregnancy complications, birth outcomes, infant development, infection during pregnancy
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
