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Epidemiology and predictors of post-concussive syndrome after minor head injury in an emergency population
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To determine if clinical variables or neurobehavioural test (NBT) scores obtained in the ED within 24 hours of minor head injury (MHI) predict the development of postconcussive syndrome (PCS). METHODS: Prospective, observational study of 71 MHI patients and 60 orthopaedic controls. MHI defined as loss of consciousness < 10 minutes or amnesia, GCS 15, no skull fracture or new neurologic focality on PE, and no brain injury on CT (if done). All patients received a seven part NBT battery in the ED. Telephone follow-up was done at 1, 3 and 6 months to determine if patients met the DSM IV definition of PCS. ANALYSIS: Stepwise, multivariate, logistic regression. RESULTS: Predictors of PCS at 1 month were female gender (OR = 7.8; 95% CI = 41.6, 1.98), presence of both retrograde and anterograde amnesia (OR = 0.055; CI = 0.002, 0.47), Digit Span Forward Scores (OR = 0.748; CI = 0.52, 1.03) and Hopkins Verbal Learning A scores (OR = 0.786; CI = 0.65, 0.91); at 3 months, presence of both retrograde and anterograde amnesia (OR = 0.13; CI = 0.0, 0.93), Digit Span Forward Scores (OR = 0.744; CI = 0.58, 0.94). No variables fit the model at 6 months. 92% of males scoring > 25 on Hopkins Verbal Learning A did not have PCS at 1 month, and 89% of females scoring < 9 on Digit Span Forward did have PCS at 1 month. CONCLUSIONS: Gender and two NBTs can help predict PCS after MHI.
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“Most human studies of mild TBI report that women experience a greater number, severity, and/or duration of post-concussive symptoms, such as headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, irritability, aggressiveness, anxiousness, depression, work or relationship troubles, or short-term memory impairment. 52”
From Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know (2019) · cites this paper as [52]
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Metadata
- Authors
- BAZARIAN, J. J., WONG, T., HARRIS, M., LEAHEY, N., MOOKERJEE, S., & DOMBOVY, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- BAZARIAN, JEFFREY J.
- Venue
- Brain Injury
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1999-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 173-189
- ISSN
- 0269-9052 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-301X
- OpenAlex
- W2068260202
- Cited by
- 332
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 3.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Injury (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Keywords
- post-concussion syndrome, mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, amnesia, digit span, verbal learning, gender differences, prognostic factors, emergency department
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amnesia, Retrograde, Brain Concussion, Cognition Disorders, Emergencies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Predictive Value of Tests, Prospective Studies, Sex Factors, Syndrome, Glasgow Coma Scale, Injury Severity Score
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