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Cave Archaeology and Sampling Issues in the Tropics: A Case Study from Lene Hara Cave, a 42,000 Year Old Occupation Site in East Timor, Island Southeast Asia
Abstract
New evidence from Lene Hara Cave, East Timor, demonstrates that it was first occupied by modern humans by 42,454±450 cal BP at approximately the same time as nearby Jerimalai shelter. Together these sites constitute the earliest evidence for modern human colonisation of Island Southeast Asia east of the Sunda Shelf. Here we report on the dating and stratigraphy from the 2000 and 2002 test excavations at Lene Hara, as well as new dates obtained by sampling breccia deposits in 2009. The post-2000 excavations and sampling demonstrate that different areas of the cave preserve different sedimentary sequences and necessitate a revision of our earlier interpretations of the occupation history of the cave. At Lene Hara, and other caves with complex depositional histories in tropical regions, the occupation sequence will only be revealed through integrating information from extensive areal sampling.When calibrated, the early dates from East Timor now align closer to the oldest evidence for occupation in northern Australia, with substantial implications for current theories on the colonisation of this region by modern humans. The Nusa Tenggara (Lesser Sunda) island chain emerges as a likely passage for modern human entry into Greater Australia. In view of the short water crossings required to reach Flores from Timor, the apparent absence of modern humans on Flores prior to the Holocene appears highly anomalous.
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Such limited test pit excavations are unlikely to recover the entire occupation record for any site, due to complex cave depositional histories.
“which, based on the complex nature of cave depositional histories, are unlikely to recover the entire occupation record for any site in question (O'Connor et al., 2010(O'Connor et al., , 2017a)).”
From Least-cost pathway models indicate northern human dispersal from Sunda to Sahul (2018) · cites this paper as O'Connor et al., 2010
Only lateral sampling and a composite stratigraphy across the entire site will provide a holistic understanding of site use.
“Only lateral sampling and a composite stratigraphy across the entire site will provide a holistic understanding of site use (O'Connor et al., 2010(O'Connor et al., , 2017a)).”
From Least-cost pathway models indicate northern human dispersal from Sunda to Sahul (2018) · cites this paper as O'Connor et al., 2010
The vast majority of excavations in Wallacea have been limited to one or two 1×1 m test pit excavations.
“Furthermore, the vast majority of excavations in Wallacea have thus far been limited to just one or two 1 Â 1 m test pit excavations (e.g., O'Connor, 2007;O'Connor et al., 2010;Samper Carro et al., 2016;Hawkins et al., 2017;O'Connor et al., 2018a)”
From Least-cost pathway models indicate northern human dispersal from Sunda to Sahul (2018) · cites this paper as O'Connor et al., 2010
The continued disparity between the Wallacean and Sahul dates suggests that current patterning for colonization of the region is suffering from limited sampling of field sites, inadequate application of dating methods, and uncertainties in the calibration curve at this age.
“the continued disparity between the Wallacean and Sahul dates (Clarkson et al., 2017) suggest that our current patterning for colonization of the region is suffering from both limited sampling of field sites, inadequate application of a variety of different dating methods at most of the sites excavated and uncertainties in the calibration curve at this age (O'Connor et al., 2010).”
From Least-cost pathway models indicate northern human dispersal from Sunda to Sahul (2018) · cites this paper as O'Connor et al., 2010
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Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Glover, I. 1972 Excavations in Timor. Unpublished PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
- Tanudirjo, D. 2001 Islands in Between: Prehistory of the Northeastern Indonesian Archipelago. Unpublished PhD thesis, Australian National University, Canberra.
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Least-cost pathway models indicate northern human dispersal from Sunda to Sahul
Kealy, S., Louys, J., & O'Connor, S. (2018) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.10.003 · Cited by 169
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Metadata
- Authors
- O’Connor, S., Barham, A., Spriggs, M., Veth, P., Aplin, K., & St Pierre, E.
- Affiliations
- y, College of Asia and the Pacific, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- School of Archaeology and Anthropology, College of Arts and Social Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- National Centre for Indigenous Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection, CSIRO Division of Ecosystem Sciences, PO Box 284, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- School of Earth Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Venue
- Australian Archaeology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2010-12-01
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-40
- ISSN
- 0312-2417
- 2470-0363
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
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