Spiritual Well-Being, Depressive Symptoms, and Immune Status Among Women Living with HIV/AIDS
Open accessAbstract
Spirituality is a resource some HIV-positive women use to cope with HIV, and it also may have positive impact on physical health. This cross-sectional study examined associations of spiritual well-being, with depressive symptoms, and CD4 cell count and percentages among a non-random sample of 129 predominantly African-American HIV-positive women. Significant inverse associations were observed between depressive symptoms and spiritual well-being (r = -.55, p = .0001), and its components, existential well-being (r = -.62, p = .0001) and religious well-being (r = -.36, p = .0001). Significant positive associations were observed between existential well-being and CD4 cell count (r = .19, p < .05) and also between spiritual well-being (r = .24, p < .05), religious well-being (r = .21, p < .05), and existential well-being (r = .22, p < .05) and CD4 cell percentages. In this sample of HIV-positive women, spiritual well-being, existential well-being, and religious well-being accounted for a significant amount of variance in depressive symptoms and CD4 cell percentages, above and beyond that explained by demographic variables, HIV medication adherence, and HIV viral load (log). Depressive symptoms were not significantly associated with CD4 cell counts or percentages. A significant relationship was observed between spiritual/religious practices (prayer/meditation and reading spiritual/religious material) and depressive symptoms. Further research is needed to examine relationships between spirituality and mental and physical health among HIV-positive women.
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Dalmida et al. (2009) found that religious practices (prayer/meditation) were moderately correlated with lower levels of depressive symptoms (r = -0.55, p = 0.001) among African American women living with HIV in the USA.
“Dalmida et al. found that religious practices (prayer/ meditation) were moderately correlated with lower levels of depressive symptoms ( r = -0.55, p = 0.001) among African American women living with HIV in the USA (Dalmida et al., 2009).”
From Resilience resources for mental health among people living with HIV: a mixed-method systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Dalmida et al., 2009
The Results section (‘Spiritual/Religious Practices and Depression’; page not available) links prayer/meditation with depressive-symptom status, but reports a chi-square test (χ²=8.10, p=.04), not the claimed correlation. The paper uses correlations for spiritual well-being, a different measure; it does not support attributing r=-0.55 and p=.001 to prayer/meditation. The study sample was predominantly, not exclusively, African-American women living with HIV in the southeastern United States. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe review's findings suggest that spirituality/religious practices (prayers and meditation) may promote mental health.
“This is consistent with our findings which suggest that spirituality/religious practices (prayers and meditation) may be promote mental health (Dalmida et al., 2009, 2013; Steglitz et al., 2012).”
From Resilience resources for mental health among people living with HIV: a mixed-method systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as Dalmida et al., 2009
More recent research supports a positive link between R/S and better cognitive function in both dementia and old age.
“More recent research supports a positive link between R/S and better cognitive function in both dementia and in old age [434, 435].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [434]
The Results section reports associations of spiritual well-being with depressive symptoms and immune status among women living with HIV/AIDS. Searches for cognitive function, dementia, and cognition in older adults found no passage addressing the claimed link. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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References 78 · Cited by 132
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention HIV/AIDS Surveillance Report, 2005 2005 Vol. 16 US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta
- Yi MS Mrus JM Wade TJ Ho ML Hornung RW Cotton S Peterman AH Puchalski CM Tsevat J Religion, spirituality, and depressive symptoms in patients with HIV/AIDS Journal of General Internal Medicine 2006 21 Suppl 5 S21 7 17083496 PMC1924785
- Authors
- Dalmida, S. G., Holstad, M. M., Diiorio, C., & Laderman, G.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Women & Health
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-06-09
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 119-143
- ISSN
- 0363-0242 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0331
- PMC
- PMC2699019
- OpenAlex
- W2076997757
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Women & Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (R01NR008094, R01NR004857, F31NR009758, NR01 NR04857)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Demography › Workplace Spirituality and Leadership
- Keywords
- spiritual well-being, depressive symptoms, HIV/AIDS, women living with HIV, CD4 count, immune status, existential well-being, religious well-being, prayer and meditation, African American women, HIV treatment adherence, HIV viral load
- MeSH terms
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Health Status, HIV Seropositivity, Humans, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Religion, Socioeconomic Factors, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Meditation, Spirituality, Young Adult
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