The gut-brain axis and Parkinson disease: Clinical and pathogenetic relevance
Open accessAbstract
Gastrointestinal disorders are one of the most significant non-motor problems affecting people with Parkinson disease (PD). Pathogenetically, the gastrointestinal tract has been proposed to be the initial site of pathological changes in PD. Intestinal inflammation and alterations in the gut microbiota may contribute to initiation and progression of pathology in PD. However, the mechanisms underlying this "gut-brain" axis in PD remain unclear. PD patients can display a large variety of gastrointestinal symptoms, leading to reduced quality of life and psychological distress. Gastrointestinal disorders can also limit patients' response to medications, and consequently negatively impact on neurological outcomes. Despite an increasing research focus, gastrointestinal disorders in PD remain poorly understood and their clinical management often suboptimal. This review summarises our understanding of the relevance of the "gut-brain" axis to the pathogenesis of PD, discusses the impact of gastrointestinal disorders in patients with PD, and provides clinicians with practical guidance to their management.
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Both mice and patients with Parkinson's disease exhibit increased levels of the genus Akkermansia.
“Both mice and patients with PD exhibit increased levels of the genus Akkermansia [51,52].”
From Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate by Restoring Gut Microbiota and Inhibiting TLR4 Signaling in Mice with MPTP-Induced Parkinson’s Disease (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
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References 141 · Cited by 81
- Authors
- Menozzi, E., Macnaughtan, J., & Schapira, A. H. V.
- Affiliations
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- The Royal Free Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Schapira, Anthony H. V.
- Venue
- Annals of Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 611-625
- ISSN
- 0785-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2060
- PMC
- PMC8078923
- OpenAlex
- W3156652064
- Cited by
- 81
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 5
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- MRC (UK), Parkinson UK, the Cure Parkinson Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- Parkinson's disease, gut-brain axis, gastrointestinal diseases, gut microbiota, intestinal inflammation, non-motor symptoms, pathogenesis, drug response
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Brain, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Parkinson Disease, Quality of Life, Gastrointestinal Tract
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