The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 45 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
ADHD in adults: A study of clinical characteristics, impairment and comorbidity
Abstract
In this study, we explored the clinical characteristics, impairment and comorbidity in a sample of 45 adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The collection of data is based on a naturalistic, retrospective approach using medical records documenting a comprehensive assessment of the patients. The sample was severely impaired in terms of academic achievement, employment and criminality, and had very high levels of comorbidity, especially alcohol and drug abuse, antisocial personality disorder and depression. Despite a high degree of contact with child psychiatric services in childhood, very few were diagnosed with ADHD, and many had a long period of psychiatric treatment as adults before the ADHD diagnosis was made. ADHD is in this sample of adults associated with severe impairment and comorbidity, and the connection between impairment and lack of proper diagnosis and treatment is discussed.
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In the citing paper
“it is associated with substantial individual impacts such as difficulties in interpersonal functioning, educational and occupational performance, and community activities [6-9].”
In the citing paper
“as many as 80% of patients with ADHD have at least 1 coexisting psychiatric disorder [6,17,18].”
In the citing paper
“As many as 80% of adults with ADHD have at least one coexisting psychiatric disorder [4,5]”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“ADHD has been associated with increased criminality [39], with one study reporting that 47% of patients with ADHD had at least one criminal sentence [4].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“Treatment of adult ADHD can influence psychosocial impairment that results as a consequence of 'core' ADHD symptoms, and may lead to improvements in associated features and comorbid disorders [245-247].”
From European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD (2010) · cites this paper as [245]
Citations
Cites
SCL-90: an outpatient psychiatric rating scale--preliminary report.
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(1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.12.1073 · Cited by 3,372
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.6.885 · Cited by 1,421
Mannuzza, S. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820190067007 · Cited by 1,368
Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review
GAUB, M., & CARLSON, C. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00011 · Cited by 1,117
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Adults with Hyperactivity of Childhood Onset
Zametkin, A. J., NORDAHL, T. E., Gross, M., King, A. C., Semple, W. E., Rumsey, J. M., Hamburger, S., & Cohen, R. M. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199011153232001 · Cited by 975
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1792 · Cited by 950 · cited 3×
“Many previous studies have shown significant impairment in samples of adult ADHD (18, 28, 30), and even worse in the presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders (31).”
BackgroundResultWilens, T. E., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Gunawardene, S. (2003) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.179 · Cited by 872
Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review
Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00023 · Cited by 871
Comorbidity in ADHD: implications for research, practice, and DSM-V.
Jensen, P., Martin, D., & Cantwell, D. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00014 · Cited by 839
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 45 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- 10.1207/s15374424jccp2104_5 · DOI
- Derogatis LR, Lipman RS, Covi L. The SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale. Psychopharmacol Bull 1973; 9: 13–28
- Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T. Adults with ADHD, a controversial diagnosis. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 Suppl 7: 59–68
- Pliszka SR. Comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with psychiatric disorder: An overview. J Clin Psychiatry 1998; 59 Suppl 7: 50–8
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–211 of 211
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26736984
Pedersen, H., Skliarova, T., Pedersen, S. A., Gråwe, R. W., Havnen, A., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25067330
Skliarova, T., Pedersen, H., Holsbrekken, Å., Pedersen, S. A., Mandal, A., Cuevas, C. D. L., Havnen, A., Gråwe, R. W., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26074063
Pedersen, H., Skliarova, T., Pedersen, S. A., Gråwe, R. W., Havnen, A., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26673105
Lebeña, A., Faresjö, Å., Faresjö, T., & Ludvigsson, J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26641339
Similitudes et différences entre le TDAH et le TSA, illustrées par l’étude du défaut d’inhibition
Septier, M. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/22fe83c2z678fz4b7ezac95z1af4554dfcbf
Bergmann, M., Schröfel, J., Zimmermann, L., Fastenau, A., Pafel, S., Sauermann, P., Fecht, J., Philipsen, A., & Lux, S. (2026) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2026.05.021 · Cited by 1
Adamou, M., & Wright, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1884417
Kafka, J., Ebener, D. J., Bujtor, S., & Nicholas, L. K. (2026) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547261475377
Martinico, D. M., & Soble, J. R. (2026) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/10401237261493989
Olivola, M., Landi, P., Martiadis, V., Ciechi, A. D., Bucca, C., Reibman, Y. L., Giacovelli, L., Bernoni, E., Venturi, V., & Dell’Osso, B. M. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15207953
Metadata
- Authors
- Torgersen, T., Gjervan, B., & Rasmussen, K.
- Affiliations
- Levanger Hospital (NO)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Torgersen, Terje
- Venue
- Nordic Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 38-43
- ISSN
- 0029-1455 (ISSN-L)
- 0803-9488
- 1502-4725
- OpenAlex
- W2110811553
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, comorbidities, functional disability, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, antisocial personality disorder, depression, delayed diagnosis, child mental health services, academic performance, employment, criminality
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Cognition Disorders, Demography, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Comorbidity
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