CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 230Child Welfare and AdoptionPsychiatric care and mental health servicesPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Therapeutic residential care for children and youth: A consensus statement of the international work group on therapeutic residential care*

Open access
Whittaker, James K., Holmes, Lisa, del Valle, Jorge F., Ainsworth, Frank, Andreassen, Tore, Anglin, James, Bellonci, Christopher, Berridge, David +24 more·2016·Residential Treatment for Children & Youth
DOI 10.1080/0886571x.2016.1215755
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

* The International Work Group for Therapeutic Residential Care convened an International Summit on ‘Pathways to Evidence-Based Practice’ at Loughborough University (GBR), Centre for Child and Fami...

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/0886571x.2016.1215755

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Achieving the goal of improving outcomes for children requires sustained commitment, agency-wide education, and critical reflection about existing beliefs and norms, all within the context of a coherent program model centered around the best interests of children.

    “As highlighted by Anglin (2011) and others (Bryson et al., 2017;Whittaker et al., 2016), achieving this goal requires sustained commitment, agency-wide education, and critical reflection about existing beliefs and norms, all within the context of a coherent program model centered around the best interests of children.”

    From Improving relationship quality in group care settings: The impact of implementing the CARE model (2020) · cites this paper as Whittaker et al., 2016

    The Basic principles section calls for a child-development-focused program that is carefully implemented and continually evaluated. The concluding research agenda identifies targeted training and critical evaluation as ways to support residential-care staff. Neither passage specifies sustained commitment, agency-wide education, or reflection on existing beliefs and norms as requirements for improving outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • CARE creates optimal conditions for the success of other individual-level programs being implemented within agencies.

    “and also creates optimal conditions for the success of other individual-level programs being implemented within agencies”

    From Improving relationship quality in group care settings: The impact of implementing the CARE model (2020) · cites this paper as Whittaker et al., 2016

    The References section cites a chapter about quality improvement using the CARE model, but it does not say that CARE creates optimal conditions for other individual-level programs to succeed. Searches for CARE, organizational conditions, and individual-level programs found no passage in our copy making that claim; page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • CARE is based on the philosophy that enhancing the quality of relationships between children and direct-care staff across the organization and fostering more positive daily interactions contributes to children's recovery and growth.

    “CARE is based on the philosophy that enhancing the quality of relationships between children and direct-care staff across the organization and fostering more positive daily interactions contributes to children's recovery and growth”

    From Improving relationship quality in group care settings: The impact of implementing the CARE model (2020) · cites this paper as Whittaker et al., 2016

    The References section lists a chapter on the CARE model, but does not describe CARE’s philosophy. Searches for CARE, staff–child relationships, daily interactions, and recovery found no passage in our copy that establishes the attributed claim; no page number is available for the reference passage. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 43

  1. Ainsworth, F., & Hansen, P. (2005). A dream come true -no more residential care. A corrective note. International Journal of Social Welfare, 14(3), 195-199. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2397.2005.00359.x. · DOI
  2. Andreassen, T. (2015). MultifunC: Multifunctional treatment in residential and community settings. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 100-113). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  3. Anglin, J. P. (2002). Pain, normality, and the struggle for congruence: Reinterpreting residential care for children and youth. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press. Association of Children's Residential Centers (ACRC) (2016). Position Papers on Therapeutic Residential Care (pp. 1-12). Association of Children's Residential Centers. Zie: http://togetherthevoice.org
  4. Blau, G. M., Caldwell, C., & Lieberman, R. E. (Eds.) (2014). Residential interventions for children, youth and families: A best practice guide. New York, NY: Routledge.
  5. Bravo, A., Del Valle, J. F., & Santos, I. (2015). Helping staff to connect quality, practice and evaluation in therapeutic residential care: The SERAR Model in Spain. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 275-288). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  6. Burns, B. J., & Hoagwood, K. (2002). Community treatment for youth: Evidence-based interventions for severe emotional and behavioral disorders. New York: Oxford University Press.
  7. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 49-62). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  8. Dozier, M., Kaufman, J., Kobak, R., O'Connor, T. G., Sagi-Schwartz, A., Scott, S., Shauffer, C., Smetana, J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Zeanah, C. H. (2014). Consensus statement on group care for children and adolescents: A statement of policy of the American Orthopsychiatric Association. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84(3), 219-225. doi: 10.1037/ort0000005. · DOI
  9. Euser, S., Alink, L. R. A., Tharner, A., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2013). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in out-of-home care: A comparison between abuse in residential and in foster care. Child Maltreatment, 18(4), 221-231. doi: 10.1177/1077559513489848. · DOI
  10. Geurts, E. M. W., Boddy, J., Noom, M. J., & Knorth, E. J. (2012). Family-centered residential care: the new reality? Child and Family Social Work, 17(2), 170-179. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2206.2012.00838.x. · DOI
  11. Gilligan, R. (2015). Foreword. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 11-20). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  12. Grietens, H. (2015). A European perspective on the context and content for social pedagogy in therapeutic residential care. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 288-301). London / Philadelphia:
  13. Grupper, E. (2013). The youth village: A multicultural approach to residential education and care for immigrant youth in Israel. International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies, 4(2), 224-244. doi: 10.18357/ijcyfs42201312209. · DOI
  14. Harder, A. T., & Knorth, E. J. (2015). Uncovering what is inside the "black box" of effective therapeutic residential youth care. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 217-231). London / Philadelphia:
  15. Harrington, K., Williams-Washington, K., Caldwell, B., Lieberman, R. E., & Blau, G. M. (2014). Improving outcomes in residential. In G. M. Blau, B. Caldwell, & R. E. Lieberman (Eds.), Residential interventions for children, youth and families: A best practice guide (pp. 1-7). New York, NY: Routledge.
  16. Holden, M. J., Anglin, J. P. Nunno, M. A., & Izzo, C. P. (2015). Engaging the total therapeutic residential care program in a process of quality improvement: Learning from the CARE model. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 301-316). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  17. Holmes, L. (2015). Estimating unit costs for therapeutic residential care. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 247-273). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  18. Huefner, J. C., Smith, G. L., & Stevens, A. L. (2014, April). Positive and negative peer contagion in residential care. Poster presentation at ASACRC Annual Conference, Savannah, GA.
  19. Jakobsen, T. B. (2015). Varieties of Nordic residential care: A way forward for institutionalized therapeutic interventions? In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 87-100). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  20. James, S. (2011). Preliminary findings of a survey of California group homes. Paper presented at the Conference of the California Alliance of Child and Family Services, Napa, CA.
  21. James, S. (2014). What works in group care? A structured review of treatment models for group homes and residential care. Children and Youth Services Review, 33(2), 301-321. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.09.014. · DOI
  22. James, S. (2015). Evidence-based practices in therapeutic residential care. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 142-153). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  23. Konijn, C. (2007). Therapeutische pleegzorg: kinderen met hechtings-en gedragsproblemen. In C. Konijn (red.), Werkzame werkwijzen: Verkenning van effectieve interventies in de jeugdzorg (pp. 75-90). Utrecht/Woerden: Nederlands Jeugdinstituut (NJi)/Adviesbureau Van Montfoort (AVM).
  24. Lausten, M. (2015). Needs and characteristics of high-resource using children and youth: Denmark (pp. 73-85).
  25. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 73-85). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  26. Lee, B. R., & Barth, R. P. (2015). Improving the research base for therapeutic residential care. Logistical and analytic challenges meet methodological innovations. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 231-245). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  27. Lee, B. R., & Thompson, R. W. (2009). Examining externalizing behavior trajectories of youth in group homes: Is there evidence for peer contagion? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37(1), 31-44. doi: 10.1007/s10802- 008-9254-4. · DOI
  28. Lyons, J. S., Obeid, N., & Cummings, M. (2015). Needs and characteristics of high-resource using youth: North America. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 62-73). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  29. Lyons, J. S., & Schmidt, L. (2015). Outcomes management in residential treatment: The CANS approach. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 316-329). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  30. McNamara, P. M. (2015). A new era in the development of therapeutic residential in the State of Victoria. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 126-142). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  31. Okpych, N. J., & Courtney, M. E. (2015). Relationship between adult outcomes of young people. Making the transition to adulthood from out-of-home care and prior residential care. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 173-189). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  32. Palareti, L., & Berti, C. (2009). Different ecological perspectives for evaluating residential care outcomes: Which window for the black box? Children and Youth Services Review, 31(10), 1080-1085. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2009.07.011. · DOI
  33. Phillips, E. L., Phillips, E. A., Fixsen, D. I., & Wolf, M. M. (1974). The teaching family handbook -Second edition. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.
  34. Redl, F., & Wineman, D. (1957). The aggressive child. New York, NY: Free Press.
  35. Small, R. W., Bellonci, C., & Ramsey, S. (2015). Creating and maintaining family partnerships in residential treatment programs: Shared decisions, full participation, mutual responsibility. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 156-171). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  36. Sondeijker, F. E. P. L., Van Rooij, F. B., Hermanns, J., & Van Rijn-Van Gelderen, L. (2016). Doeltreffendheid en werkzaamheid van het Wraparound Care Model in de ambulante jeugdhulp [Empirical indications for effectiveness of the Wraparound Care Model in ambulatory care]. Kind en Adolescent, 37(4), 195-212. doi:10.1007/s12453-016-0125-4. · DOI
  37. Stein, M. (2015). Supportive pathways for young people leaving care. Lessons learned from four decades of research. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 189-203). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  38. Thoburn, J., & Ainsworth, F. (2015). Making sense of differential cross-national placement rates for therapeutic residential care: Some takeaway messages for policy. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes, L. (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 37- 49). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  39. Thompson, R., & Daly, D. (2015). The Family Home Program: An adaptation of the teaching family model at Boys Town. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 113-126). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  40. Weiss, B., Caron, A., Ball, S., Tapp, J., Johnson, M., & Weisz, J. R. (2005). Iatrogenic effects of group treatment for antisocial youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1036-1044. doi: 037/0022- 006X.73.6.1036.
  41. Whittaker, J. K. (2005). Creating "prosthetic environments" for vulnerable children: Emergent cross-national challenges for traditional child and family services practice. In H. Grietens, W. Hellinckx, & L. Vandemeulebroecke (Eds.), In the best interests of children and youth: International perspectives (pp. 99-119). Leuven, Belgium: Leuven University Press.
  42. Whittaker, J. K., Del Valle, J. F., & Holmes, L. (Eds.) (2015). Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice. London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  43. Zeira, A. (2015). Listening to young alumni of care in Israel. A brief note from research about successful transitions to adulthood. In J. K. Whittaker, J. F. del Valle, & L. Holmes (Eds.), Therapeutic residential care with children and youth: Developing evidence-based international practice (pp. 203-215). London / Philadelphia: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Whittaker, J. K., Holmes, L., del Valle, J. F., Ainsworth, F., Andreassen, T., Anglin, J., Bellonci, C., Berridge, D., Bravo, A., Canali, C., Courtney, M., Currey, L., Daly, D., Gilligan, R., Grietens, H., Harder, A., Holden, M., James, S., Kendrick, A., Knorth, E., Lausten, M., Lyons, J., Martin, E., McDermid, S., McNamara, P., Palareti, L., Ramsey, S., Sisson, K., Small, R., Thoburn, J., Thompson, R., & Zeira, A.
Affiliations
  • Loma Linda University (US)
  • University of Groningen (NL)
  • Danish National Centre for Social Research (DK)
  • Loughborough University (GB)
Corresponding author
Whittaker, James K.
ORCID
Venue
Residential Treatment for Children & Youth
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2016-04-02
Volume
33
Issue
2
Pages
89-106
ISSN
  • 0886-571X (ISSN-L)
  • 1541-0358
DOI
10.1080/0886571x.2016.1215755
OpenAlex
W2508013131
Cited by
230
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 15
FWCI
44.52
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Residential Treatment for Children & Youth (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (submittedVersion)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion)
  • Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Sussex Research Online (University of Sussex) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Sir Halley Stewart Trust (Bequest 2016)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Safety Research › Child Welfare and Adoption
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords
therapeutic residential care, youth, evidence-based practice, child mental health, consensus statement

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review