The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 20 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Adiabatic Phase and Pancharatnam's Phase for Polarized Light
Abstract
In 1955 Pancharatnam showed that a cyclic change in the state of polarization of light is accompanied by a phase shift determined by the geometry of the cycle as represented on the Poincaré sphere. The phase owes its existence to the non-transitivity of Pancharatnam's connection between different states of polarization. Using the algebra of spinors and 2 × 2 Hermitian matrices, the precise relation is established between Pancharatnam's phase and the recently discovered phase change for slowly cycled quantum systems. The polarization phase is an optical analogue of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. For slow changes of polarization, the connection leading to the phase is derived from Maxwell's equations for a twisted dielectric. Pancharatnam's phase is contrasted with the phase change of circularly polarized light whose direction is cycled (e.g. when guided in a coiled optical fibre).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This effect is known as the spin Hall effect of light or optical Magnus effect [24 -35]”
From Geometrodynamics of polarized light: Berry phase and spin Hall effect in a gradient-index medium (2009) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In particular, it induces an additional term in the equations of motion (ray equations) which describes a polarization-dependent shift of the wave trajectory.”
From Geometrodynamics of polarized light: Berry phase and spin Hall effect in a gradient-index medium (2009) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“It can be treated as an effective circular birefringence of the inhomogeneous medium [25,26], but, in fact, it arises because of the intrinsic property (spin) of light coupled to a curved ray trajectory.”
From Geometrodynamics of polarized light: Berry phase and spin Hall effect in a gradient-index medium (2009) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, the displacement is accumulated for repeating, cyclical trajectories in the p space - e.g., for circular or helical trajectories in the real space, Fig. 4 [25,35].”
From Geometrodynamics of polarized light: Berry phase and spin Hall effect in a gradient-index medium (2009) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“The magnitude of the displacement δ r can be estimated from Eq. (3.46) as the wavelength λ for a complete 2 π turn of the direction of propagation (e.g., for a circular trajectory) [25].”
From Geometrodynamics of polarized light: Berry phase and spin Hall effect in a gradient-index medium (2009) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“In other words, the spin Hall effect appears due to the transverse momentum gradient of the Berry phase [25] (see also [67]).”
From Geometrodynamics of polarized light: Berry phase and spin Hall effect in a gradient-index medium (2009) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
Born, M., Wolf, E., Bhatia, A. B., Clemmow, P. C., Gabor, D., Stokes, A. R., Taylor, A. M., Wayman, P. A., & Wilcock, W. L. (1999) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108769914 · Cited by 26,627
Electrodynamics of Continuous Media
LANDAU, L. D., LIFSHITZ, E. M., & King, A. L. (1961) · American Journal of Physics · doi:10.1119/1.1937882 · Cited by 11,368
Quantal phase factors accompanying adiabatic changes
Berry, M. V. (1984) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspa.1984.0023 · Cited by 9,252
Self-citationSignificance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory
Aharonov, Y., & Bohm, D. (1959) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.115.485 · Cited by 6,996
Phase change during a cyclic quantum evolution
Aharonov, Y., & Anandan, J. (1987) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.58.1593 · Cited by 2,160
Holonomy, the Quantum Adiabatic Theorem, and Berry's Phase
Simon, B. (1983) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.51.2167 · Cited by 1,937
On the electrodynamics of continuous media
Пафомов, В. Е. (2015) · Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute · doi:10.3103/s106833561510005x · Cited by 1,711
Generalized theory of interference, and its applications: Part I. Coherent pencils
Pancharatnam, S. (1956) · Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences - Section A · doi:10.1007/bf03046050 · Cited by 1,616
Observation of Berry's Topological Phase by Use of an Optical Fiber
Tomita, A., & Chiao, R. Y. (1986) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.57.937 · Cited by 810
Manifestations of Berry's Topological Phase for the Photon
Chiao, R. Y., & Wu, Y.-S. (1986) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.57.933 · Cited by 482
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Ramaseshan S., 1986, Current Science, India, 55, 1225
- Berry M.V., 1987, Proc. R. Soc., Lond
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 901–1,000 of 1,000
Brown dwarfs and free-floating planets
Perryman, M. A. C. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994852.010
Experimental and Theoretical Studies in Optical Coherence Theory
van Dijk, T. (2007) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS)
Extraordinary Spin specific beam shift of Light in an Inhomogeneous Anisotropic mediumPreprint
Pal, M., Banerjee, C., Chandel, S., Bag, A., & Ghosh, N. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1508.03469
Quantum effects in the Hall resistivity of CMR oxides
Salamon, M. B. (2001) · Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials · doi:10.1016/s0304-8853(00)01336-6
Geometric Phase, Curvature, and the Monodromy GroupPreprint
Lavenda, B. H. (2013) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1411.5603
November, L. J. (1997) · Linear Algebra and its Applications · doi:10.1016/s0024-3795(96)00515-0
Salama, M. M., Elnubi, A. O., Abdel‐Khalek, S., & El-Sayed, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Application · doi:10.4236/jemaa.2013.59057
Geometric phases in magnetooptic channel waveguide devices
Nistal, M. C., Liñares, J., & Baldomir, D. (1995) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/22.372109
Density operator description of geometric phenomena in the ray space
Wagh, A. G., & Rakhecha, V. C. (2001) · Pramana · doi:10.1007/s12043-001-0126-5
A MODIFIED MOYAL REPRESENTATION AND THE PANCHARATNAM PHASE OF TWO-LEVEL SYSTEMS
Li, L., & Li, B. (2002) · International Journal of Modern Physics B · doi:10.1142/s0217979202014899
Geometric phase in a flat space for electromagnetic scalar waves
Luis, A. (2006) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.31.002471
Observing pancharatnam phases and amplitudes
Wagh, A. G., & Rakhecha, V. C. (2001) · Neutron News · doi:10.1080/10448630108244961
Generation of light beams carrying orbital angular momentum using an ultrathin plasmonic metasurface
Leon, I. D., Karimi, E., Schulz, S. A., Qassim, H., Upham, J., & Boyd, R. W. (2014) · doi:10.1364/cleo_qels.2014.ff1c.2
Reply to the comment on "Topological phase in two flavor neutrino oscillations"
Mehta, P. (2010) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1008.4543
Ladder operators for optical angular momentum transfer
Choi, H., Woo, J. H., & Wu, J. W. (2008) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.1109/cleo.2008.4552276
Fuentes, J. L. M. (2014) · Optica Pura y Aplicada · doi:10.7149/opa.47.4.281
Canessa, E., Fonda, C., Zennaro, M., & Salam, A. (2005)
Dynamics of laser-induced radial birefringence in silver-doped glasses
Ahangary, A. A., Bouchard, F., Santamato, E., Karimi, E., & Khalesifard, H. R. (2015) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.40.004062
Multiple Wavefront Shaping by a Single Gradient Metasurface
Shitrit, N., Veksler, D., Maguid, E., Ozeri, D., Kleiner, V., & Hasman, E. (2015) · doi:10.1364/cleo_si.2015.stu2l.3
Planar Lenses at Visible WavelengthsPreprint
Khorasaninejad, M., Chen, W. T., Devlin, R. C., Oh, J., Zhu, A. Y., & Capasso, F. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1605.02248
Electrodynamics of Metal Structures
Toropov, A. A., & Shubina, T. V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.003.0002
Electronic Excitations in Semiconductors
Toropov, A. A., & Shubina, T. V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.003.0003
Light–Matter Interaction in Metal–Semiconductor Structures
Toropov, A. A., & Shubina, T. V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.003.0007
Semiconductor Materials and Nanostructures
Toropov, A. A., & Shubina, T. V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.003.0006
Frontiers in Plasmonics Applications
Toropov, A. A., & Shubina, T. V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.003.0008
Wigner Rotations of Different Types of Lorentz Transformations
Baizid, A. R., & Alam, M. S. (2016) · Journal of Scientific Research · doi:10.3329/jsr.v8i3.27033
A General Mathematical Model to Retrieve Displacement Information from Fringe Patterns
Sciammarella, C. A., & Lamberti, L. (2016) · Conference proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41600-7_1
Planar Lens at Visible: Metasurface versus Refractive Optics
Khorasaninejad, M., Chen, W. T., Devlin, R. C., Oh, J., & Capasso, F. (2016) · Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics · doi:10.1364/cleo_qels.2016.fth1d.4
Tunable dispersion-free polarization control with terahertz metamaterials
Cong, L., Xu, N., Han, J., Zhang, W., & Singh, R. (2016) · International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics · doi:10.1109/omn.2016.7565827
Interferometric demonstration of the Berry's Phase
Téllez-Limón, R., & Robledo-Sánchez, C. I. (2009) · doi:10.1109/ieeexpo.2009.5422857
Generation of optical vortices with controllable topological charges and polarization patterns
Yang, C., & Fuh, A. Y. (2017) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2249452
Flat nonlinear optics: metasurfaces for efficient frequency mixing
Nookala, N., Lee, J., Liu, Y., Bishop, W., Tymchenko, M., Gomez-Diaz, J. S., Demmerle, F., Boehm, G., Amann, M., Wolf, O., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2255915
Ultrathin Metalens and Three-Dimensional Optical Holography Using Metasurfaces
Chen, X., Zhang, L., Qiu, C., & Zhang, S. (2017) · doi:10.1201/9781315206530-3
Realization of the spin-dependent manipulation of structured light by tailoring the polarization
Zhou, J., Luo, H., Qian, H., Wen, S., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Complex Light and Optical Forces · doi:10.1117/12.2289194
Geometric optical metasurface for polarization control
Yue, F. (2017)
Fabrication and Characterization of Thin Film Multilayer and Nanowire Metamaterials
Atkinson, J. (2016) · ERA: Education and Research Archive (University of Alberta) · doi:10.7939/r3cr5nt2b
Geometric phase coded microwave metasurface for ultra-wideband radar cross section reduction
Cui, L., Chen, K., Feng, Y., Zhao, J., Jiang, T., & Zhu, B. (2017) · Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP) · doi:10.1109/apcap.2017.8420672
Correlation between geometric phase and concurrence of variable retarders of birefringent medium
Sinha, D., & Banerjee, D. (2018) · Optik · doi:10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.07.132
Nonlinear Beam Shaping via the Geometric Phase in Sum Frequency Generation
Karnieli, A., & Arie, A. (2018) · Optica Laser Congress (ASSL, LAC, LS&C) · doi:10.1364/assl.2018.atu2a.24
A Spin-Optical Nano DevicePreprint
Krauss, E., Razinskas, G., Köck, D., Großmann, S., & Hecht, B. (2018) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1812.03721
Spectrometer based on parallel-plate waveguides utilizing abnormal transmission
Lang, T., Shen, T., Hu, J., & Hong, Z. (2019) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.58.001413
Dual-polarity dielectric cylindrical lens and spherical lens for visible light
Guo, H., Tian, S., & Hu, J. (2019) · International Symposium on Advanced Optical Manufacturing and Testing Technologies (AOMATT) · doi:10.1117/12.2506243
Birefringent distributions tailored for imaging and other applications
Alonso, M. A., & Vella, A. (2018) · Workshop on Information Optics · doi:10.1109/wio.2018.8643458
Pushin, D. A., Sarenac, D., Clark, C. W., Cory, D. G., Kapahi, C., Heacock, B., Huber, M. G., Nsofini, J., & Shahi, C. (2019) · Optical and Quantum Sensing and Precision Metrology II · doi:10.1117/12.2515469
Photonic spin Hall effect based on broadband highefficiency metasurfaces
Zhang, Z., Liang, H., He, T., Wang, Z., & Cheng, X. (2019) · Optical Interference Coatings · doi:10.1364/oic.2019.ta.5
Nonlinear Metasurfaces: A Paradigm Shift in Nonlinear OpticsPreprint
Krasnok, A., Tymchenko, M., & Alù, A. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1706.07563
Geometric Phase, Curvature and the Monodromy Group
Lavenda, B. H. (2014) · Physical Science International Journal · doi:10.9734/psij/2014/6837
Auletta, G. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-16649-6_3
Generating plasmonic vortex field with spin-dependent metananoslots
Gao, L., Rui, G., Ding, C., Hu, Y., Gu, B., & Cui, Y. (2020) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.389656
Observation of geometric phase for unpolarized and partially polarized light fieldsPreprint
Kanseri, B., & Gupta, R. K. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2007.08114
On the modelling of the optical properties of a metasurface composed of nanofins
Borne, J., Panneton, D., Dallaire, X., Parent, J., Piché, M., & Thibault, S. (2020) · OSA Advanced Photonics Congress · doi:10.1364/noma.2020.notu2c.5
Extinction controlled adaptive phase-mask coronagraph
Bourget, P., Schuhler, N., Mawet, D. P., & Haguenauer, P. (2012) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219753/pdf
Realization of doubly inhomogeneous waveplates for structuring of light beamsPreprint
Radhakrishna, B., Kadiri, G., & Raghavan, G. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2102.01339
Tunable geometric phase retarders using photo-aligned liquid crystal devices
Hong, M. C. N., Ho, C.-Y., Marinova, V., Hsu, K. Y., & Lin, S. (2021) · Holography: Advances and Modern Trends · doi:10.1117/12.2590673
Topological Inspirations in Photonic Devices
Gong, Z. (2020) · eScholarship (California Digital Library)
Metamaterial or Metastructural Thin Films for EM Wave Control
Chen, M. L. N., Chen, L., Dang, X., Li, M., Jiang, L. J., & Sha, W. E. I. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9783527344987.ch7
Spin and orbital angular momentum coupling
Marrucci, L. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821510-4.00013-3
Annaka, Y., & Ogura, K. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2110.10893
Jiang, Z. H., Kang, L., Hong, W., & Werner, D. H. (2021) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119662945.ch5
Chen, M. L. N., Xiong, X., Sha, W. E. I., & Jiang, L. J. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119662945.ch8
Achouri, K., & Caloz, C. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119525219.refs
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.009
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.015
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.016
Brown dwarfs and free-floating planets
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.010
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.004
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.013
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.007 · Cited by 1
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.018
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.001
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.002
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.003
Berry phase with tunable topological charge in Sagnac interferometer
Srinivasan, H., & Viswanathan, N. K. (2022) · Journal of Optics · doi:10.1088/2040-8986/ac5475
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.014
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.019
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.012
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.006 · Cited by 1
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.008
Perryman, M. A. C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.011
(2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108304160.020
Zhang, H., Qin, Y., Ren, H., Zheng, H. Q., & Xu, M. (2022) · Laser Physics · doi:10.1088/1555-6611/ac5041
Smile face array: Generating oblique incident and front output vortex beam for both TE and TM waves
Zhu, C., Liu, X., Wang, C., Yang, X., Gan, L., & Sun, L. (2022) · IET Microwaves Antennas & Propagation · doi:10.1049/mia2.12247
Toropov, A. A., & Shubina, T. V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.003.0005
Ultrathin Metalens and Three-Dimensional Optical Holography Using Metasurfaces
Chen, X., Zhang, L., Qiu, C., & Zhang, S. (2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315206530-4
(2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012311630-7/50028-9
Lévay, P. (2006) · Encyclopedia of Mathematical Physics · doi:10.1016/b0-12-512666-2/00321-7
Toropov, A. A., & Shubina, T. V. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.003.0001
(2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.002.0004
(2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.002.0006
(2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199699315.002.0005
Su, R., Tu, Y., Li, R., Liu, T., & Ren, Y. (2022) · International Conference on Optics and Communication Technology (ICOCT) · doi:10.1117/12.2654849
Spin Evolution in the Born‐Oppenheimer Approximation
Ansermet, J., Maschke, K., & Reuse, F. (2022) · Israel Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ijch.202200092 · Cited by 1
A Gauge-Invariant Geometric Phase for Electrons in a One-Dimensional Periodic Lattice
Vyas, V. M., & Roy, D. (2023) · Applied Mathematics · doi:10.4236/am.2023.141005
A Review on metasurface applications on optics-Surface Plasmon view
Elkady, A., Hagag, M. F., Abdalla, M. A., & Helal, O. M. (2023) · Journal of Engineering Science and Military Technologies /Journal of Engineering Science and Military Technologies · doi:10.21608/ejmtc.2023.168075.1235
Wavelength-selective wavefront shaping by metasurface
Cai, Z., He, X., Liu, X., Tu, S., Sun, X., Beckett, P., Dubey, A., Mitchell, A., Ren, G., Liu, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering · doi:10.1631/fitee.2200510
Fu, J., Yang, Y., Dai, L., Zhang, Z., Li, X., Luo, S., & Huang, H. (2023) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.500815
Yu, H., Jiang, M., Yun, H., Zhu, Y., Qi, Y., Zhou, Z., Chaganava, I., & Wei, Q. (2023) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.503277
Merlitz, H. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44408-1_3
Metadata
- Authors
- Berry, M. V.
- Corresponding author
- Berry, M.V.
- ORCID
- Berry, M.V.
- Venue
- Journal of Modern Optics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1987-11
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1401-1407
- ISSN
- 0950-0340 (ISSN-L)
- 1362-3044
- OpenAlex
- W2062830522
- Cited by
- 1,068
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 54 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 5.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Modern Optics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Optical Polarization and Ellipsometry
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics
- Keywords
- Pancharatnam phase, adiabatic phase, Poincaré sphere, cyclic polarization, spinor algebra, Hermitian matrices, Aharonov-Bohm effect, circularly polarized light, optical fibers, Berry phase
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review