The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Text classification and gradation in Arabic textbooks
Open accessAbstract
Text classification and text gradation are important for language teachers. Profiling and readability studies examine textual and linguistic features that determine text difficulty. Arabic, as an under-resourced language, suffers from a lack of such studies which results in material developers and textbook writers relying on their intuitions and experiences in selecting appropriate texts. At the classroom level, teachers often supplement or adapt the texts they use to suit their students’ developmental stages. However, they often do this based on their intuition and experience as well. This study aims to sensitise material developers and particularly teachers to a range of textual, linguistic and contextual features that affect text difficulty so, they can make informed decisions about the suitability of the texts they use and how to adapt and/or supplement them. Although this is most important for teachers of under-resourced languages such as Arabic; the study will be useful for teachers of resource-rich languages as well since research shows that even with systematically classified texts, discrepancies exist between texts and their assumed level.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: learning, teaching, assessment
Verhelst, N. D., Avermaet, P. V., Takala, S., Figueras, N., & North, B. (2009) · Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) · Cited by 6,088
Developments in English for Specific Purposes: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach
Dudley-Evans, T., & Jo, M. (1998) · Cited by 1,719
Coh-Metrix: Analysis of text on cohesion and language
Graesser, A. C., McNamara, D. S., Louwerse, M. M., & Cai, Z. (2004) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03195564 · Cited by 1,660 · cited 2×
“Such ‘ readability studies ’ examine the linguistic features of a text to determine its ‘ ease of comprehension ’ score (Graesser et al. 2004; Crossley et al. 2007).”
Materials development for language learning and teaching
Tomlinson, B. (2012) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444811000528 · Cited by 811 · cited 2×
“Tomlinson (2012, 162) explains that ‘ an authentic text is one that is produced in order to communicate rather than to teach ’ .”
Graesser, A. C., McNamara, D. S., & Kulikowich, J. M. (2011) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x11413260 · Cited by 635
Text and task authenticity in the EFL classroom
Guariento, B. (2001) · ELT Journal · doi:10.1093/elt/55.4.347 · Cited by 585 · cited 4×
“…simpli fi ed texts provides ideal comprehensible input that aids understanding and long-term language acquisition and matches the linguistic and communicative needs of learners, especially at the beginning and intermediate levels (Crossley et al. 2007; Guariento and Morley 2001; Sung et al. 2015).”
InfluentialTeaching and Researching Reading
Erler, L. (2012) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2012.06.004 · Cited by 401
Proceedings of the 29th Annual Cognitive Science Society
McNamara, D. S., & Trafton, J. G. (2007) · Cited by 268
Writing System Variation and Its Consequences for Reading and Dyslexia
Daniels, P. T., & Share, D. L. (2017) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888438.2017.1379082 · Cited by 195 · cited 1×
“Research shows that this slows reading and word processing at early levels even for native speakers, let alone for non-native speaking readers of Arabic (Daniels and Share 2018; Yassin, Share, and Shalhoub-Awwad 2020).”
Bartning, I., Martin, M., & Vedder, I. (2011) · UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) · Cited by 194
Research works printed but not linked: 16
- Alderson J. Charles N. Figueras H. Kuijper G. Nold S. Takala and C. Tardieu. 2004. The development of specifications for item development and classification within the common European framework of reference for languages: learning teaching assessment: final report of the Dutch CEF construct project. Paper presented at workshop on research into and with the CEFR University of Amsterdam.
- Alosh, M. 2010b. Ahlan wa Sahlan: Functional Modern Standard Arabic for Beginners. 2nd ed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
- American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages [ACTFL]. 2012. ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines. 3rd ed. Alexandria: ACTFL INC.
- Brustad, K., M. Al-Batal, and A. Al-Tonsi. 2004b. Al-Kitaab fii taallum al-arabiyya: A Text for Arabic, Part 1. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
- Brustad, K., M. Al-Batal, and A. Al-Tonsi. 2006. Al-Kitaab fii taallum al-arabiyya: A Text for Arabic, Part 2. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
- Brustad, K., M. Al-Batal, and A. Al-Tonsi. 2007. Al-Kitaab fii taallum al-arabiyya: A Text for Arabic, Part 3. 2nd ed. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
- Cambridge University. 2018. How Long Does It Take to Learn a Foreign Language? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Council of Europe. 2001. Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Francois T. and C. Fairon. 2012. An AI readability formula for French as a foreign language. In Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning Jeju Island Korea 12–14 July 466–477.
- Pilan I. 2013. NLP-based approaches to sentence readability for second language learning purposes. Master’s dissertation Gothenburg: University of Gothenburg. file:///C:/Users/55096616/Downloads/NLP_based_Approaches_to_Sentence_Readabi.pdf.
- Pilan I. and E. Volodina. 2018. Investigating the importance of linguistic complexity features across different datasets related to language learning. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Complexity and Natural Language Processing Santa Fe New Mexico USA 49–58.
- Pilan I. E. Volodina and T. Zesch. 2016. Predicting proficiency levels in learner writings by transferring a linguistic complexity model from expert-written coursebooks. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics 2101–2111.
- Renandya, W. A. 2015. Reading in a foreign language: what else is important besides skills and strategies? In Developing Indegenous Models of English Language Teaching and Assessment, eds. F. A. Hamied, I. B. P. Yadnya, and I. G. A. G. Sociowati, 81–94. Bali, Indonesia: Udayana University Press.
- Salamoura, A., and N. Saville. 2010. Exemplifying the CEFR: criterial features of written learner English from the English profile programme. In Communicative Proficiency and Linguistic Development: Intersections Between SLA and Language Testing Research, eds. I. Bartning, M. Martin, and I. Vedder, 101–132. European Second Language Association. www.lulu.com.
- Uchida S. and M. Negishi. 2018. Assigning CEFR-J Levels to English Texts Based on Textual Features. In Fourth Asia Pacific Corpus Linguistics Conference (APCLC 2018) Takamatsu: Japan 463–467.
- Younes, M., and Y. Chami. 2014. Arabiyyat Al-Naas Part Two. New York: Routledge.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The impact of graded readers on Kazakh language acquisition: Quasi-experimental evidence
Toleubaeva, K., Igenova, А. А., & Sarmurzin, Y. (2026) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/13621688251405322 · Cited by 1
Ahmadi, A., & Saad, N. M. (2024) · MUDARRISA Jurnal Kajian Pendidikan Islam · doi:10.18326/mudarrisa.v16i1.1077 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Mohamed, S.
- Affiliations
- Manchester Metropolitan University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Mohamed, Salwa
- ORCID
- Mohamed, Salwa
- Venue
- The Language Learning Journal
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-05-26
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 629-649
- ISSN
- 0957-1736 (ISSN-L)
- 1753-2167
- OpenAlex
- W4378472039
- Cited by
- 2
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
- Locations
- Language Learning Journal (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- e-space (Manchester Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Arabic Language Education Studies
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Text Readability and Simplification
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Keywords
- text classification, Arabic language textbooks, text complexity, readability, low-resource languages, textbook adaptation, language teaching materials, Arabic language teaching
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review