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Sex-based differences in pain distribution in a cohort of patients with persistent post-traumatic neck pain
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To analyze a cohort of 745 consecutive patients referred to a regional specialist clinic for evaluation of post-traumatic neck pain during a five-year period. METHODS: A cross-sectional observational study of baseline assessments performed by multi-professional rehabilitation teams according to a standardized checklist. RESULTS: The cohort contained nearly twice as many females as males (64% versus 36%). The type of injury did not differ between sexes. Of the entire cohort, 38% were diagnosed with widespread pain, 50% with regional pain, and 12% with local pain. The pain distribution among the females was 43% widespread, 48% regional, and 9% local, and corresponding figures among males were 29%, 53%, and 18%. Longer time between trauma and assessment did not affect pain distribution among the men, but a tendency towards more widespread pain was observed among the women. DISCUSSION: The importance of "female sex" as risk factor for the development of persistent pain after neck trauma needs to be discussed further. The high frequency of regional and widespread pain among patients with persistent neck pain after trauma calls for both multidisciplinary assessments and treatment strategies. The relationships between different pain distribution patterns, disability, activity, and psychological factors need to be studied further. Implications for rehabilitation Patients suffering from pain and disability after neck trauma constitute a significant proportion of patients with persistent pain. The importance of the risk factor "female sex" should be further discussed in the development of persistent pain after neck trauma. The high frequency of regional and widespread pain among patients with persistent neck pain after trauma calls both for multidisciplinary assessments and treatment strategies. The relationships between different pain distribution patterns, disability, activity, and psychological factors need to be studied further.
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“Based on literature supporting gender differences in a range of painful conditions such as headache, CP syndromes, and musculoskeletal pain,65 sex differences in post-traumatic pain may also exist.66”
From Pain and Evil: From Local Nociception to Misery Following Social Harm (2020) · cites this paper as [66]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Westergren, H., Larsson, J., Freeman, M., Carlsson, A., Jöud, A., & Malmström, E.-M.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Skåne University Hospital (SE)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- Chalmers Industriteknik (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Westergren, Hans
- Venue
- Disability and Rehabilitation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-01-27
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1085-1091
- ISSN
- 0963-8288 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-5165
- OpenAlex
- W2582190742
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- lup.lub.lu.se
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Disability and Rehabilitation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Skane University Hospital
- Personskadeförbundet
- Personskade förbundet RTP
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics
- Keywords
- sex differences, chronic pain, pain distribution, widespread pain, regional pain, local pain, neck trauma, female sex as risk factor, multidisciplinary rehabilitation, disability
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pain, Pain Measurement, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Time, Whiplash Injuries, Cohort Studies, Neck Pain
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