The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Glucocorticoid action networks and complex psychiatric and/or somatic disorders
Open accessAbstract
Glucocorticoids contribute fundamentally to the maintenance of basal and stress-related homeostasis in all higher organisms. These hormones influence a large percentage of the expressed human genome and their effects spare almost no organs or tissues. Glucocorticoids influence many functions of the central nervous system, such as arousal, cognition, mood and sleep, the activity and direction of intermediary metabolism, the maintenance of a normal cardiovascular tone, the activity and quality of the immune and inflammatory reaction, including the manifestations of the sickness syndrome, as well as growth and reproduction. The numerous actions of glucocorticoids are mediated by a set of at least 16 glucocorticoid receptor (GR) isoforms forming homo- or hetero-dimers. The GRs consist of multifunctional domain proteins operating as ligand-dependent transcription factors that interact with many other cell signaling systems. The presence of multiple GR monomers and dimers expressed in a cell-specific fashion at different quantities with quantitatively and qualitatively different transcriptional activities suggests that the glucocorticoid signaling system is highly stochastic. Based on ample evidence, we present our conception that glucocorticoids are heavily involved in human pathophysiology and influence life expectancy. Common psychiatric and/or somatic complex disorders, such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain and fatigue syndromes, obesity, the metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, diabetes type 2, atherosclerosis with its cardiovascular sequelae, and osteoporosis, as well as autoimmune inflammatory and allergic disorders, all appear to have a glucocorticoid component.
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“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“Because the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates a wide range of physiologic processes and is affected by experimental sleep restriction, it is a putative key mediator of the adverse health effects of insufficient sleep (3–11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
In the citing paper
“The increase in evening cortisol levels indicates that insufficient sleep may have an impact on the multitude of physiological processes modulated by circulating glucocorticoids (11).”
From Adverse effects of two nights of sleep restriction on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in healthy men (2014) · cites this paper as [11]
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Citations
Cites
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
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The Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal Axis and Immune-Mediated Inflammation
Chrousos, G. P. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199505183322008 · Cited by 2,579
Self-citationGold, P. W., & Chrousos, G. P. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001032 · Cited by 1,274
Self-citationThe Pathophysiologic Roles of Interleukin-6 in Human Disease
Papanicolaou, D. A., Wilder, R. L., Manolagas, S. C., & Chrousos, G. P. (1998) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-128-2-199801150-00009 · Cited by 1,146
A Steroid Receptor Coactivator, SRA, Functions as an RNA and Is Present in an SRC-1 Complex
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Chrousos, G. P. (1998) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09006.x · Cited by 731
Phillips, D. I. W., Barker, D. J. P., Fall, C. H. D., Seckl, J. R., Whorwood, C. B., Wood, P. J., & Walker, B. R. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.3.4634 · Cited by 643
Chrousos, G. P. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801278 · Cited by 637
Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells
Galon, J., Franchimont, D., Hiroi, N., Frey, G., Boettner, A., Ehrhart-Bornstein, M., O’shea, J. J., Chrousos, G. P., & Bornstein, S. R. (2002) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.01-0245com · Cited by 606
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stress and disorders of the stress system
Chrousos, G. P. (2009) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2009.106 · Cited by 3,215
“Cortisol is a greatly pleiotropic hormone that influences up to 20% of the expressed human genes and affects all major homeostatic systems of the body, including innate and acquired immunity”
BackgroundSelf-citationSalivary cortisol as a biomarker in stress research
Hellhammer, D. H., Wüst, S., & Kudielka, B. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.026 · Cited by 1,925
“Under stress conditions, the interplay between the PVN and the noradrenergic neurons arising from the locus coeruleus (LC) is most crucial (Chrousos and Kino, 2007).”
BackgroundEffects of stress on immune function: The good, the bad, and the beautiful
Dhabhar, F. S. (2014) · Immunologic Research · doi:10.1007/s12026-014-8517-0 · Cited by 1,343
Kino, T., Hurt, D. E., Ichijo, T., Nader, N., & Chrousos, G. P. (2010) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.2000568 · Cited by 1,232
“Indeed, glucocorticoid action in cells is specifically adjusted during different phases of the cell cycle (9, 10), and several autoimmune, allergic, and inflammatory disorders, metabolic syndromes, and infection with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 have been associated with alterations in the responsiveness of…”
BackgroundDhabhar, F. S. (2009) · Neuroimmunomodulation · doi:10.1159/000216188 · Cited by 903
Metadata
- Authors
- Chrousos, G. P., & Kino, T.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chrousos, George P.
- Venue
- Stress
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 213-219
- ISSN
- 1025-3890 (ISSN-L)
- 1607-8888
- OpenAlex
- W2117077354
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 9.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Stress (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Keywords
- glucocorticoids, glucocorticoid receptor isoforms, glucocorticoid signaling, mental illness, somatic diseases, anxiety, depression, insomnia, chronic pain, fatigue syndrome, obesity, metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, allergic diseases, transcriptional regulation, life expectancy
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Stress, Psychological, Metabolic Syndrome
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