A comprehensive review of beetroot ( Beta vulgaris L.) bioactive components in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Abstract
Beetroot is rich in various bioactive phytochemicals, which are beneficial for human health and exert protective effects against several disease conditions like cancer, atherosclerosis, etc. Beetroot has various therapeutic applications, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and analgesic functions. Besides the pharmacological effects, food industries are trying to preserve beetroots or their phytochemicals using various food preservation methods, including drying and freezing, to preserve their antioxidant capacity. Beetroot is a functional food due to valuable active components such as minerals, amino acids, phenolic acid, flavonoid, betaxanthin, and betacyanin. Due to its stability, nontoxic and non-carcinogenic and nonpoisonous capabilities, beetroot has been used as an additive or preservative in food processing. Beetroot and its bioactive compounds are well reported to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, antimicrobial, antiviral, etc. In this review, we provided updated details on (i) food processing, preservation and colorant methods using beetroot and its phytochemicals, (ii) synthesis and development of several nanoparticles using beetroot and its bioactive compounds against various diseases, (iii) the role of beetroot and its phytochemicals under disease conditions with molecular mechanisms. We have also discussed the role of other phytochemicals in beetroot and their health benefits. Recent technologies in food processing are also updated. We also addressed on molecular docking-assisted biological activity and screening for bioactive chemicals. Additionally, the role of betalain from different sources and its therapeutic effects have been listed. To the best of our knowledge, little or no work has been carried out on the impact of beetroot and its nanoformulation strategies for phytocompounds on antimicrobial, antiviral effects, etc. Moreover, epigenetic alterations caused by phytocompounds of beetroot under several diseases were not reported much. Thus, extensive research must be carried out to understand the molecular effects of beetroot in the near future.
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Beetroot's high nitrate content supports the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, thereby improving vascular function and oxygen utilisation.
“Its high nitrate content supports the enterosalivary nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, thereby improving vascular function and oxygen utilisation [86,93].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [93]
Beetroot contains numerous bioactive compounds, such as betanin and betaxanthins (betalains), phenolic acids (ferulic, caffeic, gallic and p-coumaric acids), flavonoids (e.g., astragalin, kaempferol, rutin and quercetin), carotenoids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins.
“It contains numerous bioactive compounds, such as the pigments betanin and betaxanthins (betalains), as well as phenolic acids (ferulic, caffeic, gallic and p-coumaric acids), flavonoids (e.g., astragalin, kaempferol, rutin and quercetin), carotenoids, coumarins, terpenoids, alkaloids and tannins [91,92,93,94].”
From Dietary Nitrate-Rich Vegetables as Natural Modulators of Health: Mechanisms and Benefits in Ageing Populations (2026) · cites this paper as [93]
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References 207 · Cited by 78
- Authors
- Thiruvengadam, M., Chung, I.-M., Samynathan, R., Chandar, S. R. H., Venkidasamy, B., Sarkar, T., Rebezov, M., Gorelik, O., Shariati, M. A., & Simal-Gandara, J.
- Affiliations
- Konkuk University (KR)
- R&D Division Alchem Diagnostics, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
- Centurion University, R.Sitapur, Oddisa, India
- Saveetha University (IN)
- Government of West Bengal (IN)
- Department of Scientific Advisers, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Moscow State University of Technologies and Management named after K.G. Razumovskiy (RU)
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical Chemistry and Food Science Department, Faculty of Science, Ourense, Spain
- Corresponding author
- Venkidasamy, Baskar
- ORCID
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2022-08-16
- Volume
- 64
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 708-739
- ISSN
- 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7852
- OpenAlex
- W4292192644
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 207
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 1.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Botanical Research and Applications
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Food Science and Nutritional Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Keywords
- beetroot, Beta vulgaris, bioactive phytochemicals, betalains, betacyanins, betaxanthins, functional foods, food preservation, food colorants, nanoparticle synthesis, molecular docking, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, antiviral activity, anti-inflammatory activity, epigenetic effects, cancer prevention, atherosclerosis
- MeSH terms
- Anti-Infective Agents, Antioxidants, Antiviral Agents, Drug Industry, Humans, Vegetables, Beta vulgaris, Molecular Docking Simulation, Phytochemicals
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