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Types of Imagery Associated with Sport Confidence in Netball Players of Varying Skill Levels
Abstract
Martin, Moritz, and Hall's (1999) applied mental imagery model was developed to provide an organizational framework to guide future imagery usage research and application. The present study explores 2 aspects of the applied model: the relationship between imagery type and confidence, and 2 possible moderating variables, skill level of the athlete and sport type. One hundred and twenty-three female county netball players participated in the study; 55 from a low standard county and 68 from a high standard county. Participants were administered the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (SIQ). One week later, at a county netball match, the State Sport Confidence Inventory (SSCI) was administered. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that in the lower standard sample, mastery imagery and imagery related to strategies of the game accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in sport confidence. Additionally, imagery related to the emotions of playing predicted confidence negatively. With the higher standard sample, goal achievement oriented imagery was the only significant predictor of variance in confidence. The results are discussed in relation to the pertinence of, and function that, different imagery types have for performers.
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“Evidence indicates that imagery enhances confidence, reduces perceived threat, and improves emotional control, thereby alleviating competitive anxiety [70, 110, 111].”
From The Effect of Different Psychological Interventions on Athletes' Competitive Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Network Meta-Analysis. (2026) · cites this paper as [111]
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Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2011) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.33.3.416 · Cited by 179
“However, Murphy et al. (2008) and others (e.g., Cumming & Ramsey, 2009; Callow & Hardy, 2001) argue that these concepts are not identical and there is a need to separate function (i.e., why athletes image) from content (i.e., what athletes image).”
Deliberate imagery practice: the development of imagery skills in competitive athletes
Cumming, J., & Hall, C. R. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102317200846 · Cited by 164
Cumming, J., & Williams, S. E. (2013) · Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité · doi:10.1051/sm/2013098 · Cited by 166
“We therefore agree with Callow and Hardy (2001) that the benefits of an imagery intervention are driven mainly by the function and not the content.”
Professional Dancers Describe Their Imagery: Where, When, What, Why, and How
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2005) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.19.4.395 · Cited by 123
Abma, C. L., Fry, M. D., Li, Y., & Relyea, G. E. (2002) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200252907743 · Cited by 110
“Researchers have also explored how athletes’ imagery content is associated with athletes’ state sport confidence levels (Callow & Hardy, 2001; Moritz, Hall, Martin, & Vadocz, 1996; Vadocz, Hall, & Moritz, 1997).”
BackgroundMunroe‐Chandler, K. J., Hall, C. R., & Fishburne, G. J. (2008) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410802315419 · Cited by 110
“Previous research conducted by Munroe-Chandler and Hall (2005) provide procedural information and imagery scripts that could assist coaches in developing an MG-M imagery intervention with soccer athletes.”
MethodElite and Novice Athletes' Imagery Use in Open and Closed Sports
Arvinen‐Barrow, M., Weigand, D. A., Thomas, S., Hemmings, B., & Walley, M. (2007) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200601102912 · Cited by 93
“However, especially with regards to CG imagery, Callow and Hardy (2001) believed that sport-type is an important variable to examine.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialUsing cognitive general imagery to improve soccer strategies
Munroe‐Chandler, K. J., Hall, C. R., Fishburne, G. J., & Shannon, V. R. (2005) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390500076592 · Cited by 85
“The motivational specific function involves imaging the achievement of goals, and has been shown to increase motivation in athletes (Callow & Hardy, 2001 ).”
BackgroundAn Imagery Intervention during the Competitive Season with an Elite Rugby Union Player
Evans, L., Jones, L., & Mullen, R. (2004) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.18.3.252 · Cited by 84
A Qualitative Exploration of Psychological-Skills Use in Coaches
Thelwell, R., Weston, N. J. V., Greenlees, I. A., & Hutchings, N. V. (2008) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.22.1.38 · Cited by 80
“In addition to identifying how athletes use imagery, a number of intervention-based studies have examined how, for example, it develops confidence (e.g., Callow & Hardy, 2001) and performance (e.g., Evans et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe effects of outcome imagery on golf-putting performance
Taylor, J. A., & Shaw, D. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102320183167 · Cited by 78
“Callow and Hardy (2001) cite the theoretical work of Bandura (1977) in making a link between outcome imagery and con® dence, suggesting that the imaging of goals may enhance performers’ con® dence because they see themselves achieving their outcome goals.”
BackgroundMethodPre‐competitive confidence, coping, and subjective performance in sport
Levy, A. R., Nicholls, A. R., & Polman, R. C. J. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01075.x · Cited by 72
“Further to this, Callow and Hardy (2001) reported the use of MG-M imagery would be more effective for enhancing pre-competitive confidence in lower-skilled athletes.”
BackgroundMore than Meets the Eye: Investigating Imagery Type, Direction, and Outcome
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2005) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.19.1.1 · Cited by 72
Imagery use in sport: Mediational effects for efficacy
Short, S. E., Tenute, A. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2005) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410400023373 · Cited by 72
“Athletes also reported higher visual imagery ability scores than kinaesthetic imagery scores, which is also consistent with previous research in this area (e.g. Abma et al., 2002; Callow & Hardy, 2001; Moritz et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMethodResultImagery and observational learning use and their relationship to sport confidence
Hall, C. R., Munroe‐Chandler, K. J., Cumming, J., Law, B., Ramsey, R., & Murphy, L. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410802549769 · Cited by 71
“…are quite general in nature (e.g. modify cognitions) and so more than one imagery function can be related to the same outcome (Abma, Fry, Li, & Relyea, 2002; Callow & Hardy, 2001; Mills, Munroe, & Hall, 2001; Moritz, Hall, Martin, & Vadocz, 1996; Nordin & Cumming, 2005; Short & Short, 2005).”
BackgroundImagery Use During Rehabilitation from Injury
Evans, L., Hare, R., & Mullen, R. (2006) · Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity · doi:10.2202/1932-0191.1000 · Cited by 66
“…of researchers have acknowledged that athletes may use different types of imagery to achieve different types of outcome, and indeed the same type of imagery to achieve different outcomes (Callow & Hardy, 2001; Moritz, Hall, Martin, & Vadocz, 1996; Short et al., 2002; Short, Monsma, & Short, 2004).”
BackgroundImagery Intervention in Open and Closed Tennis Motor Skill Performance
Coelho, R. W., de Campos, W., da Silva, S. G., Okazaki, F. H. A., & Keller, B. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.105.2.458-468 · Cited by 60
The Relationship between Imagery Ability and Imagery Use among Athletes
Gregg, M. J., Hall, C. R., McGowan, E. L., & Hall, N. (2011) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2010.544279 · Cited by 57
“As the MIAMS has never been used in conjunction with the SIQ in previous analyses, and prior research has shown moderate to strong correlations between imagery functions as measured by the SIQ (eg, Callow & Hardy, 2001 ; Vadocz et al, 1997 ); the, MIAMS and MIQ-RS subscales were included in all analyses to gain a bett…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMotivational orientations and imagery use: a goal profiling analysis
Cumming, J., Hall, C. R., Harwood, C., & Gammage, K. L. (2002) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/026404102317200837 · Cited by 55
“Callow and Hardy (2001) recently argued for this bene® t of using motivational speci® c imagery based on their research with skilled netball players.”
BackgroundMental imagery for relearning of people after brain injury
Liu, K. P. Y., Chan, C. C. H., Lee, T. M. C., & Hui-Chan, C. W. Y. (2004) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050410001671883 · Cited by 55
“The trainees are taught to mentally rehearse demanding postures and reaction time in a simulated competitive environment [21, 22].”
BackgroundNordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2008) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2008.9671861 · Cited by 53
“As an example, Callow and Hardy (2001) explained that, “one netballer may image strategies of play [CG] for the cognitive function of improving strategy, whereas another may image strategies of play for the motivational function of psyching themselves up to use the strategy” (p. 15). Short et al. (2002) have further h…”
InfluentialThe Relationship between Imagery and Competitive Anxiety in Ballet Auditions
Monsma, E. V., & Overby, L. Y. (2004) · Journal of Dance Medicine & Science · doi:10.1177/1089313x0400800102 · Cited by 50
The Relationship of Skill Level and Age to the Use of Imagery by Golfers
Gregg, M. J., & Hall, C. R. (2006) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200600944140 · Cited by 49
“Callow and Hardy (2001) recently argued that a benefit to using MS imagery would be an increase in athletes' motivation to attain their goals.”
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“…published, however, several authors have pointed out that distinguishing between imagery content (i.e., what is being imaged) and function (i.e., why imagery is occurring) may help to explain why such discrepancies occur (Callow & Hardy, 2001; Murphy et al., in press; Short, Monsma, & Short, 2004).”
BackgroundContent, characteristics and function of mental images
Fournier, J., Deremaux, S., & Bernier, M. (2007) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.12.003 · Cited by 47
“However, in more recent studies (Callow & Hardy, 2001; Short et al., 2002; Short, Monsma, & Short, 2004), authors pointed out the need to clearly distinguish the type from the function. For example, Short et al. (2004) cited: “Callow and Hardy (2001) suggested that a differentiation must be made between the type of im…”
BackgroundIs What You See Really What You Get? Athletes’ Perceptions of Imagery’s Functions
Short, S. E., Monsma, E. V., & Short, M. W. (2004) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.18.3.341 · Cited by 47
“For example, MG-M imagery has been shown to discriminate between high and low confident athletes and to predict confidence in multiple regression analyses (Abma, Fry, Li, & Relyea, 2002; Callow & Hardy, 2001; Moritz et al., 1996; Mills, Munroe, & Hall, 2000).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSport imagery ability predicts trait confidence, and challenge and threat appraisal tendencies
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2012) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461391.2011.630102 · Cited by 46
Topical Review: Visual Performance Assessments for Sport
Erickson, G. B. (2021) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000001731 · Cited by 43
Short, S. E., & Short, M. W. (2005) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200591010049 · Cited by 43
“The results of the Short et al. (2004) study bolster the case put forth by Abma et al. (2002), Callow and Hardy (2001), and Short et al. (2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBirtel, M. D., & Crisp, R. J. (2012) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430212443867 · Cited by 42
Measuring the Content of Dancers’ Images: Development of the Dance Imagery Questionnaire (DIQ)
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2006) · Journal of Dance Medicine & Science · doi:10.1177/1089313x06010003-403 · Cited by 38
Exploring Common Ground: Comparing the Imagery of Dancers and Aesthetic Sport Performers
Nordin, S. M., & Cumming, J. (2008) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200802210795 · Cited by 38
“However, studies have sometimes also found that other types of imagery are related to indicators of self-confidence (e.g., Abma et al., 2002; Callow & Hardy, 2001; Mills, Munroe, & Hall, 2001; Moritz et al., 1996).”
InfluentialYu, Q., Fu, S. N., Kho, A., Li, J., Sun, X., & Chan, C. C. H. (2015) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.12.008 · Cited by 39
“Athletes who specialized in closed sports employed more mental imagery such as visualization than those who specialized in open sports.(16) Roberts and co-workers(17) reported that athletes with higher skill-levels had a better ability to conduct visual imagery than those with lower skilllevels.”
BackgroundResultAthlete imagery ability: A predictor of confidence and anxiety intensity and direction
Williams, S. E., & Cumming, J. (2015) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2015.1025809 · Cited by 36
“It is well established that athletes who display higher levels of self-confidence image more often (Abma, Fry, Li, & Relyea, 2002; Beauchamp, Bray, & Albinson, 2002; Callow & Hardy, 2001; Moritz, Hall, Martin, & Vadocz, 1996; Vadocz, Hall, & Moritz, 1997).”
BackgroundThe relationship between imagery type and collective efficacy in elite and non elite athletes.
Shearer, D. A., Thomson, R., Mellalieu, S. D., & Shearer, C. (2007) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 35
Sato, M. (2020) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/tesq.611 · Cited by 42
The Influence of an Imagery Workshop on Athletes' Use of Imagery
Cumming, J., Hall, C. R., & Shambrook, C. J. (2004) · Cited by 33
Slimani, M., Chamari, K., Boudhiba, D., & Chéour, F. (2016) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-016-0265-1 · Cited by 31
“The second area has focused on which imagery functions best predict confidence [14, 21].”
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“…shown to enhance various mental processes such as attentional control (Calmels, Berthoumieux, & Fabienne d’Arripe-Longueville, 2004), confidence (Callow & Hardy, 2001; Callow & Waters, 2005; Callow, Hardy, & Hall, 2001), resistance to choking (Bell & Thompson, 2007), and self-efficacy…”
BackgroundOnwards with the Evolution of Imagery Research in Sport Psychology
Short, S. E., Ross-Stewart, L., & Monsma, E. V. (2006) · Athletic insight: online journal of sport psychology · Cited by 30
Kim, H.-D., & Cruz, A. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.691974 · Cited by 40
Associative and Dissociative Imagery Effects on Perceived Exertion and Task Duration
Razón, S., Basevitch, I., Filho, E., Land, W. M., Thompson, B., Biermann, M., & Tenenbaum, G. (2010) · Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity · doi:10.2202/1932-0191.1044 · Cited by 28
“Additionally, motivational imagery was proven to significantly enhance beliefs of self-efficacy, self-confidence, and overall control of emotions associated with intense athletic performance (Callow & Hardy, 2001).”
BackgroundA Phenomenological Investigation of Gymnasts’ Lived Experience of Imagery
Post, P. G., & Wrisberg, C. A. (2012) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.26.1.98 · Cited by 26
Functional Role of Internal and External Visual Imagery: Preliminary Evidences from Pilates
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“These data could be explained by the fact that elite athletes have had more opportunities to put into action imagery practice than lower level athletes [36, 37].”
BackgroundNordin, S. M., Cumming, J., Vincent, J., & McGrory, S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200600944124 · Cited by 25
“Previous researchers have suggested that MS imagery can aid in the increase and maintenance of motivation in athletes ( Callow & Hardy, 2001 ), and Hardy (1997) suggested that using MS to image outcome goals can be a useful motivational tool.”
BackgroundUse of Multimodal Imagery with Precompetitive Anxiety and Stress of Elite Tennis Players
Coelho, R. W., Keller, B., Kuczynski, K. M., Ribeiro, E., Lima, M. C. D. A. M., Greboggy, D., & Stefanello, J. M. F. (2012) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/02.05.15.pms.114.2.419-428 · Cited by 24
Motor and Visual Imagery in Sports
Munzert, J., & Lorey, B. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-5879-1_17 · Cited by 24
Tracey, J. (2011) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2011.558364 · Cited by 17
“Ultimately, the benefit could be an increase in motivation to attain goals (Callow & Hardy, 2001).”
BackgroundArvinen‐Barrow, M., Weigand, D. A., Hemmings, B., & Walley, M. (2008) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390801987968 · Cited by 16
“Based on previous research (e.g. Callow & Hardy, 2001; Munroe et al., 1998), we hypothesized that: (a) an interaction effect would be observed, indicating the higher level skaters would report using imagery the most, especially during the competitive season; (b) skaters in higher levels of…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialThe Frequency and Perceived Effectiveness of Images Used to Build, Maintain, and Regain Confidence
Ross-Stewart, L., & Short, S. E. (2009) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200802582813 · Cited by 16
“Some researchers who have examined the imagery-confidence relationship and have found seemingly atypical results have expressed concern over the SIQ (e.g., Abma et al., 2002; Callow & Hardy, 2001; Short et al., 2002).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBudnik–Przybylska, D., Huzarska, I., & Karasiewicz, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.893457 · Cited by 15
“This is rather contradictory to previous studies, but they are mainly connected to the imagery intervention in team athletes (Heydari et al., 2018) or imagery use (Callow and Hardy, 2001) rather than imagery ability.”
ResultThe effect of imagery use on the self-confidence: Turkish professional football players
Yalçın, İ., & Ramazanoğlu, F. (2020) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 12
Jenny, O., Law, B., & Rymal, A. M. (2015) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101508010203 · Cited by 11
“A large body of research has examined the effectiveness of imagery in facilitating sport skill and strategy learning and performance [11-13] as well as positive psychological outcomes such as reductions in anxiety [14] and increases in motivation [15], self-efficacy [16], and confidence [17].”
A study of attention and imagery capacities in badminton players
Baştuğ, G., Ağılönü, A., & BALKAN, N. (2017) · Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.15314/tsed.325694 · Cited by 11
“Callow and Hardy (12) researched on badminton players and suggested that imagery developed players’ confidence.”
BackgroundThe applied model of imagery use: Examination of moderation and mediation effects
Koehn, S., Stavrou, N. A. M., Young, J. A., & Morris, T. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12525 · Cited by 12
“Research on imagery in sport has become more complex, which has led to substantive debate about the relationship of various constructs, e.g., imagery type, imagery ability, imagery effectiveness, or imagery function (Hall et al., 1998; Martin et al., 1999; Callow & Hardy, 2001; Murphy et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe Cognitive and Motivational Functions of Imagery Among Athletic Trainers
Monsma, E. V., Trier, C., Perreault, M. E., Seiler, B. D., Torres-McGehee, T. M., Steinberg, J. A., & Short, S. E. (2011) · Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity · doi:10.2202/1932-0191.1064 · Cited by 9
“For example, some studies have shown that CG-strategies (e.g., Callow & Hardy, 2001), MS-goals (e.g., Callow & Hardy, 2001; Mills, Munroe, & Hall, 2000), MG-Arousal (e.g., Abma et al., 2002; Mills et al., 2000; Moritz et al., 1996) were correlated with confidence.”
BackgroundIMAGERY INTERVENTION IN OPEN AND CLOSED TENNIS MOTOR SKILL PERFORMANCE
Coelho, R. W. (2007) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.105.6.458-468 · Cited by 9
The Use of Imagery by Successful Hockey Players: A Comparison Among Skill Levels
Short, S. E., Zostautas, N., & Monsma, E. V. (2012) · Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity · doi:10.1515/1932-0191.1011 · Cited by 9
“In a study of 110 female netball participants, Callow and Hardy (2001) found that lower skilled netball Published by De Gruyter, 2012 players with high levels of confidence used more MG-M and CG and less MG-A imagery than their less confident counterparts.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe application of imagery to enhance 'flow state' in dancers
Jeong, E. H. (2012) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 9
Increase Productivity, Decrease Procrastination, and Increase Energy
Peper, E., Harvey, R., Lin, I., & Duvvuri, P. (2014) · Biofeedback · doi:10.5298/1081-5937-42.2.06 · Cited by 8
“In addition, mental rehearsal is a training strategy to enhance body movement for athletes (Callow & Hardy, 2001) and may be a convenient and low-cost technique to B io fe e d b a ck | S u m m er 2014 promote physical activity among inactive individuals (Chan & Cameron, 2012).”
BackgroundShearer, D. A., Mellalieu, S. D., Thomson, R., & Shearer, C. (2008) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.2190/ic.27.4.b · Cited by 8
Linking performance decline to choking: players’ perceptions in basketball
Fryer, A. M., Tenenbaum, G., & Chow, G. M. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1298829 · Cited by 11
“Although the idea of having participants provide perspectives on others’ performance is considered to be controversial (see Callow & Hardy, 2001; Morris & Spittle, 2012), we believe that experienced athletes who watch the game can rate error attributions to events with a high degree of certainty.”
BackgroundSo What Do We Do With the Rest of the Day? Going Beyond the Pre-Shot Routine in Professional Golf
Davies, T., Collins, D. J., & Cruickshank, A. (2014) · International Journal of Golf Science · doi:10.1123/ijgs.2014-0008 · Cited by 7
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Propensity and attainment of flow state
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Analysis of Imagery Use as Predictors of Football Players' Sport Confidence
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Karageorghis, C. I., Psychol, C., Smith, D. L., & Priest, D.-L. (2012) · Journal of Dance Medicine & Science · doi:10.1177/1089313x1201600102 · Cited by 6
Does the undergraduate athletes’ self talk levels affect imagery levels?
Şahin, A., Bayköse, N., & Yavuz, S. C. (2017) · Cited by 6
Lachowetz, A. J., Nelson, J. D., Czech, D. R., Joyner, B., & Munkasy, B. A. (2008) · ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · Cited by 6
Incorporating Islamic Principles into Therapy with Muslim American Clients
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DeSantis, B., Deck, S., Hall, C. R., & Roland, S. L. (2022) · Research Studies in Music Education · doi:10.1177/1321103x221081984 · Cited by 5
“Sport research has demonstrated that high-level athletes use imagery significantly more than their novice counterparts (e.g., Callow & Hardy, 2001; Cumming & Hall, 2002a, 2002b).”
BackgroundAthletes’ imagery use from a team-level perspective and team cohesion
Curtin, K. D., Munroe‐Chandler, K. J., & Loughead, T. M. (2015) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2015.1036096 · Cited by 5
“…a diverse sample is beneficial for finding overall trends, it would be valuable to delineate differences in imagery and cohesion for different sport levels and sport types as these have been shown to have different imagery experiences (Callow & Hardy, 2001; Hall et al., 1998; Shearer et al., 2007).”
BackgroundInfluentialSAVAŞ, M., & YAZICI, M. (2019) · Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.24106/kefdergi.3769 · Cited by 5
Golf: Sport Psychology Challenges
Bunker, L. K. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470713174.ch14 · Cited by 5
Li, L., Wang, J., Li, Q., & Fu, Q. (2026) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-026-01007-y · Cited by 5
“Evidence indicates that imagery enhances confidence, reduces perceived threat, and improves emotional control, thereby alleviating competitive anxiety [70, 110, 111].”
Lovell, G. P., Bierton, J., Gorman, A. D., Lloyd, M., Gorman, A., & Parker, J. K. (2024) · Journal of Imagery Research in Sport and Physical Activity · doi:10.1515/jirspa-2023-0034 · Cited by 4
Amini, A. H., fatide, S. P., Salehi, M., Avazpour, S., & ghabelnezam, A. (2022) · Humanistic Approach to Sport and Exercise Studies (HASES) · doi:10.52547/hases.2.2.1 · Cited by 4
Effect of Imagery Practice Program on Imagery Ability in Thailand Adolescent Cyclists
Rattanakoses, R., Soh, K. G., Geok, Abdullah, M. C., F., M. S. O., & Fauzee, O. (2012) · Cited by 4
Golfers' experience with multiple imagery interventions and putting performance
Cho, S. (2009) · doi:10.31979/etd.zx8m-md9x · Cited by 4
“Callow and Hardy (2001) examined 124 female netball players with at least two years of experience, from four different counties in the UK.”
BackgroundSystematic imagery training for Taijiquan competitive routines: A case study
Su, N., Si, G., & Liang, W. (2024) · Asian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ajsep.2024.08.002 · Cited by 3
The examine of imagery and self-efficacy levels of athletes in terms of some variables
Kocaekşi, S., Sezer, U., Ayşegül Funda, A. L. P., & Taşçıoğlu, R. (2020) · Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.31680/gaunjss.789403 · Cited by 3
Massey, W. V. (2013) · UWM Digital Commons (University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee) · Cited by 3
Marques, A., & Gomes, A. R. (2012) · Análise Psicológica · doi:10.14417/ap.552 · Cited by 3
Functions and Situations Associated With Cognitive General Imagery Use
Stewart, N. W., Kouali, D., & Hall, C. R. (2017) · Imagination Cognition and Personality · doi:10.1177/0276236617712005 · Cited by 3
Bowes, P. L. (2009) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 3
Music, imagery training, and sports performance
Kuan, G. (2014) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 3
Hegazy, K. (2012) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 3
Il training immaginativo-musicale per il potenziamento della prestazione motoria nello sport
Gaggioli, A. (2014) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2014-001007 · Cited by 2
Factors that influence the confidence of elite Junior Olympic female volleyball players
Bell, C. S. (2005) · Digital Collections - Ithaca College Library (Ithaca College) · Cited by 2
Barghi, T. S., Kordi, R., & Memari, A. H. (2013) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 2
Effect of Visuo-Motor Behavior Rehearsal on enhancing Mental Toughness of Soccer Players
Singh, S. P., & Bhowmik, S. K. (2020) · Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities · doi:10.21659/rupkatha.v12n5.rioc1s19n3 · Cited by 2
“Previous research has consistently shown a positive relationship between imagery use and self-confidence in elite adolescent and adult athletes (Callow & Hardy, 2001; Mills et al., 2001; Vadocz et al., 1997).”
ResultRelationship between Imagery and Perception of Success among Male and Female High School Athletes
Sze Ying, H. E. N. G., Fauzee, M. S. O., & Soh, K. G. (2011) · Asian Journal of Physical Education & Recreation · doi:10.24112/ajper.171881 · Cited by 2
Visual Information Processing in Sports
Erickson, G. B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-75543-6.00010-3 · Cited by 2
Erickson, G. B. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-75543-6.00008-5 · Cited by 2
Krivyca, I., Несен, О., Strelnykova, Y., & Wnorowski, K. (2023) · Physical Culture Recreation and Rehabilitation · doi:10.15561/physcult.2023.0104 · Cited by 2
“Imagery techniques encompass various aspects, including emotional engagement, goal achievement, and motor skill acquisition [4].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Callow, N., & Hardy, L.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- ORCID
- Callow, N.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Sport Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2001-01
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-17
- ISSN
- 1041-3200 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-1571
- OpenAlex
- W2157743626
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 6.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Motivation and Self-Concept in Sports
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- mental imagery, sport confidence, netball, skill level, female athletes
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