Assessing cognitive interference in sport: Development of the thought occurrence questionnaire for sport
Abstract
This paper outlines the development of an instrument to assess cognitive interference athletes may experience during competition. The investigation was based on an instrument developed in educational settings, namely the Thought Occurrence Questionnaire (TOQ). At the initial stage of the investigation interviews with athletes were conducted to establish items for TOQ item modification. The face validity of items was evaluated through a content analytic method. The pool of items which was selected was factor analysed. Finally, the psychometric properties of the questionnaire which emerged were evaluated through examination of convergent validity, discriminant validity, concurrent validity, and reliability. The results provide adequate psychometric support for the instrument. The modified questionnaire (Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport) seems a promising tool for the investigation of the role that thoughts athletes experience during competition play in sports.
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A French adaptation of the TOQS (Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000; Lane et al., 2005) was used to assess cognitive interference or thought disruption during competition.
“A French adaptation of the TOQS (Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000; Lane et al., 2005) was used to assess the cognitive interference or thought disruption that athletes may experience during competition.”
From Integrated mindfulness-based intervention: Effects on mindfulness skills, cognitive interference and performance satisfaction of young elite badminton players. (2020) · cites this paper as Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000
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References 27 · Cited by 77
- Authors
- Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Biddle, S. J. H.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Venue
- Anxiety, Stress & Coping
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2000-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-86
- ISSN
- 1061-5806 (ISSN-L)
- 1477-2205
- OpenAlex
- W1977951463
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Anxiety Stress & Coping (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive interference, athletes, competition, sport psychology, questionnaire development, psychometric properties, convergent validity, discriminant validity, concurrent validity, reliability statistics, content validity, factor analysis
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