Kinetics of the Parallel Squat
Abstract
This study investigated the muscular torques and joint forces during the parallel squat, as performed by some of the best national and world-class powerlifters. Cinematographic analysis of 12 competitors in the U.S. Senior National A.A.U. Powerlifting Championships provided continuous measurements of joint and bar centers. These data were used in dynamic equations of motion to obtain vertical and horizontal joint forces and muscular torques for the shank, thigh, and trunk. Prior to analysis, subjects were further classified into three groups according to skill shown in performing the parallel squat. Results indicated that high-skilled subjects minimized trunk torques by maintaining a more erect trunk position and also demonstrated more extensor-dominant thigh torques. It was also found that quasistatic or static treatments of the parallel squat provide results within 10% of the dynamic equations of motion.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
To the best of the authors' knowledge, no previous study has considered how angular and linear kinematics of the back squat vary at different load intensities.
“However, these studies have evaluated the biomechanics of different types of squats but, to the best of our knowledge, none of these have considered how these can vary at different load intensities.”
From Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters (2024) · cites this paper as [29]
The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet
References 14 · Cited by 56
- Authors
- McLaughlin, T. M., Lardner, T. J., & Dillman, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Auburn University (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Venue
- Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1978-05
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 175-189
- ISSN
- 0034-5377 (ISSN-L)
- 1067-1315
- OpenAlex
- W2100168416
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Sports Dynamics and Biomechanics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Keywords
- parallel squat, powerlifting, joint forces, dynamic equations of motion, trunk posture
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Joints, Kinetics, Muscles, Physical Education and Training, Sports Medicine, Weight Lifting
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
