Cited by 156Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceMental Health Research Topics

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Drawing Conclusions from Cross-Lagged Relationships: Re-Considering the Role of the Time-Interval

Open access

Kuiper, Rebecca M., Ryan, Oisín·2018·Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal

DOI 10.1080/10705511.2018.1431046

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

The cross-lagged panel model (CLPM), a discrete-time (DT) SEM model, is frequently used to gather evidence for (reciprocal) Granger-causal relationships when lacking an experimental design. However, it is well known that CLPMs can lead to different parameter estimates depending on the time-interval of observation. Consequently, this can lead to researchers drawing conflicting conclusions regarding the sign and/or dominance of relationships. Multiple authors have suggested the use of continuous-time models to address this issue.In this article, we demonstrate the exact circumstances under which such conflicting conclusions occur. Specifically, we show that such conflicts are only avoided in general in the case of bivariate, stable, nonoscillating, first-order systems, when comparing models with uniform time-intervals between observations. In addition, we provide a range of tools, proofs, and guidelines regarding the comparison of discrete- and continuous-time parameter estimates.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/10705511.2018.1431046

Cites

40 of 40 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.

R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,893
Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods
Granger, C. W. J. (1969) · Econometrica · doi:10.2307/1912791 · Cited by 22,989
Time Series Analysis.
Breitung, J., & Hamilton, J. D. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076916 · Cited by 11,114
Time Series Analysis
Hamilton, J. D. (1994) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691218632 · Cited by 7,941
Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering
Strogatz, S. H., Friedman, M. J., Mallinckrodt, A. J., & McKay, S. R. (1994) · Computers in Physics · doi:10.1063/1.4823332 · Cited by 4,654
A critique of the cross-lagged panel model
Hamaker, E. L., Kuiper, R. M., & Grasman, R. P. P. P. (2015) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0038889 · Cited by 4,005
Nineteen Dubious Ways to Compute the Exponential of a Matrix, Twenty-Five Years Later
Moler, C., & Van Loan, C. (2003) · SIAM Review · doi:10.1137/s00361445024180 · Cited by 2,357
Intensive Longitudinal Methods: An Introduction to Diary and Experience Sampling Research
Bolger, N. P., & Laurenceau, J. (2013) · Cited by 2,030
Bias in Cross-Sectional Analyses of Longitudinal Mediation: Partial and Complete Mediation Under an Autoregressive Model
Maxwell, S. E., Cole, D. A., & Mitchell, M. A. (2011) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2011.606716 · Cited by 1,471
Causal Analysis with Panel Data
Finkel, S. E. (1995) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412983594 · Cited by 1,369

Show all 42 references

Research works printed but not linked: 7

10.1111/rssa.2012.175.issue-4 · DOI
Boker S. M., 2010, Statistical methods for modeling human dynamics: An interdisciplinary dialogue
Kuiper R. M., Effect on residuals in time-lagged relationships due to omitted variables: It is time to go continuously
Oud J., 2002, Kwantitatieve Methoden, 69, 1
10.1007/978-3-642-11760-2_7 · DOI
Pelz, D. & Lew, R. (1970). Sociological methodology. In E. Borgatta (Ed.), Heise’s causal model applied . San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Yue Z., 2016, Arxiv Preprint, 1605

Sorted by citations

Items 101–156 of 156

Modeling Theories and Theorizing Models: an Attempted Replication of Miller-Cotto & Byrnes’ (2019) Comparison of Working Memory Models Using ECLS-K Data
Feldon, D. F., & Litson, K. (2021) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-021-09596-8 · Cited by 5
Fitting Bayesian Stochastic Differential Equation Models with Mixed Effects through a Filtering Approach
Chen, M., Chow, S., Oravecz, Z., & Ferrer, E. E. (2023) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2023.2171354 · Cited by 6
Positive cardiovascular health: longitudinal investigation of sustained health behavior in a cross-lagged model
Ocsovszky, Z., Ehrenberger, B., Berényi, B., Assabiny, A., Otohal, J., Martos, T., Papp-Zipernovszky, O., Hegedus, F., Merkely, B., Csabai, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1400849 · Cited by 3
Revisiting reciprocal links between well-being and functioning in aging: A STARTS and constrained modeling approach
Yang, H., Weidmann, R., Chopik, W. J., & Lucas, R. E. (2025) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070251369070 · Cited by 4
Evaluating Causal Dominance of CTmeta-Analyzed Lagged Regression Estimates
Kuiper, R. M. (2021) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2020.1823228 · Cited by 3
Differential effects of psychological resources on well-being and psychological distress: a one-year longitudinal study during the COVID-19 pandemic
Pellerin, N., Raufaste, É., Corman, M., Teissèdre, F., Vigouroux, S. L., Charbonnier, É., & Dambrun, M. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2433046 · Cited by 3
NSSI contagion in adolescent friendships: exploring the impact of peer influence
Ke, C., Zhou, Z., Ren, Z., Li, X., He, H., Chen, Y., Liu, M., Yao, Y., Ju, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00946-w · Cited by 3
Longitudinal Research
James, S. L., & Yorgason, J. B. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92002-9_24 · Cited by 3
A Review of Explicit and Implicit Assumptions When Providing Personalized Feedback Based on EMA Data.Preprint
Leertouwer, I., Cramer, A. O. J., Vermunt, J. K., & Schuurman, N. K. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/r9s7k · Cited by 3
Reciprocal Associations Between Positivity and Positive Affect During the COVID ‐19 Pandemic
Caprara, M., Felipe, A. C., Suárez-Falcón, J. C., Caprara, G. V., Pozo, P., Cabras, E., Tavolucci, S., & Alessandri, G. (2025) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.70008 · Cited by 2
Reciprocal impact of mental health and quality of life in children and adolescents—a cross-lagged panel analysis
Wirtz, M. A., Devine, J., Erhart, M., Reiß, F., Böcker, M., Schulz, A. A., Zöllner, F., Napp, A.-K., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., & Kaman, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1444524 · Cited by 2
Is Online Health Information a Threat?—Untangling the Longitudinal Associations Among Health Information Scanning, Seeking, and Risk Perceptions
Zheng, H. (2025) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/risa.70145 · Cited by 2
Association Between Children’s and Parents’ Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Lagged Analysis
Szpunar, M., Bourke, M., Vanderloo, L. M., Bruijns, B. A., Truelove, S., Burke, S. M., Gilliland, J., Irwin, J. D., & Tucker, P. (2023) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2023-0356 · Cited by 2
Lessons from the holy grail of industrial psychology: theoretical, practical, and social implications for HRM in the current landscape of academia amidst the Covid-19 crisis
Ghasemy, M., & Hwa, M. A. C. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-05532-x · Cited by 4
Teachers' Stress and Professional Learning: A Day-to-Day and Teacher-to-Teacher Investigation
van Alphen, T., de Wal, J. J. I., Schuitema, J. A., & Peetsma, T. T. D. (2025) · Pedagogische Studiën · doi:10.59302/9dc98k29 · Cited by 1
Reciprocal longitudinal relations between child routines and parenting
Selman, S. B., & Dilworth‐Bart, J. E. (2025) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.70021 · Cited by 4
Correlated Residuals in Lagged-Effects Models: What They (Do Not) Represent in the Case of a Continuous-Time Process
Kuiper, R. M., & Hamaker, E. L. (2025) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2025.2557274 · Cited by 1
Buffering effects of volunteering on the link between negative life events and adults' life satisfaction: Disentangling within- and between-person effects
Groß, D., & Haffa, J. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113534 · Cited by 1
Evaluating a Bayesian Approach for Estimating Moderator Effects in Parameter-Based Meta-Analytic Structural Equation Modeling
Lohmann, J. F., Lüdtke, O., & Robitzsch, A. (2026) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2026.2634257 · Cited by 1
Phubbing and Loneliness in the Digital Age: A Daily Diary Study on the Mediating Role of Fear of Missing Out
Dai, Q., Xiao, Y., Liang, Y., & Ye, B. (2026) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.70191 · Cited by 1
Equilibrium Causal Models: Connecting Dynamical Systems Modeling and Cross-Sectional Data Analysis
Ryan, O., & Dablander, F. (2025) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2025.2522733 · Cited by 1
Correction to: Daily Worry in Trauma‑Exposed Afghan Refugees: Relationship with Affect and Sleep in a Study Using Ecological Momentary Assessment
Koch, T., Liedl, A., Takano, K., & Ehring, T. W. (2021) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-021-10274-w · Cited by 1
Bien-être et résilience en temps de crise : le rôle du protecteur des ressources psychologiques et l'expérience du soi décentré
Pellerin, N. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a71cb8c1z354cz4dfaza3bdz1d81c8e88283 · Cited by 1
Relationships between worry and depressive symptoms during two group therapies for generalized anxiety disorder
Martins, D. S., Sampaio, T. P. D. A., & Lotufo Neto, F. (2022) · Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0047-2085000000361 · Cited by 2
A inter-relação entre preocupações e sintomas depressivos em adultos com ansiedade generalizada: uma análise cross-lagged
Martins, D. S. (2020) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.47.2020.tde-02092020-174154
Graphical modelling in continuous-time: consistency guarantees and algorithms using Neural ODEs.Preprint
Bellot, A., Branson, K., & van der Schaar, M. (2021) · arXiv (Cornell University)
Cooperative gender beliefs and cost-benefit trade-offs of gender inequality
Deak, K. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17145755.v1
Cooperative gender beliefs and cost-benefit trade-offs of gender inequality
Deak, K. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.17145755
Developing a theoretical model to examine the antecedents to cyberchondria among Chinese Internet users
Zheng, H. (2022) · doi:10.32657/10356/161151
Formalizing Developmental Phenomena as Continuous-Time Systems: Relations Between Mathematics and Language DevelopmentPreprint
Driver, C., & Tomasik, M. J. (2022) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/gw54v
A longitudinal study of capability-based quality of life and mental health in the first 5-months of lockdown restrictions in the UK
White, R. G., Christiansen, P., & van der Boor, C. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15285-8
Methodology of the Longitudinal Study
Liu, M., Yeo, C., Hoo, E., & Li, D. (2023) · SpringerBriefs in criminology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41702-3_2
Drug Use in Young Offenders: The Link to Emotional and Behavioural Problems
Yeo, C., & Hoo, E. (2023) · SpringerBriefs in criminology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-41702-3_5
LAM: Some Latent Variable Models
Alexander Robitzsch [aut, C. (2017) · doi:10.32614/cran.package.lam
Academic motivation–achievement cycle and the behavioural pathways: A short‐timeframe experiment with manipulated perceived achievement
Vu, T., Meeter, M., Hofman, A. D., Jansen, B. R. J., Magis‐Weinberg, L., van Triest, E., & van Atteveldt, N. (2025) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12731 · Cited by 3
Effects of Civic Engagement on Mental Health in Different Age Groups. Insights from Panel Data
Lühr, M. (2025) · Vechtaer Beiträge zur Gerontologie · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48005-9_6
Cross‐lagged assessment between indices of leisure time physical activity and domains of quality of life after electrical stimulation training in persons with spinal cord injury: An exploratory trial
Gorgey, A. S., Khalil, R. E., Dolbow, D. R., Carter, W., & Perrin, P. B. (2025) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.13422
A Cross-Lagged Panel Model Testing the Impact of Physical Activity During Hospitalization on 1- and 6-month Discharge Physical Activity and Adverse Events among Older Adults with Dementia
Zhu, S.-J., Resnick, B., Boltz, M., Galik, E., McPherson, R., Kuzmik, A., Wells, C., Shim, S., & Lee, E. (2025) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2025.105767
Concurrent and longitudinal associations of bullying, ethnic bullying, and empathic concern
Basilici, M. C., Er-Vargün, G., Çoban, İ., & Strohmeier, D. (2025) · The Educational and Developmental Psychologist · doi:10.1080/20590776.2025.2539702
The Longitudinal Influence of Parent–Grandparent Coparenting Relationships on Preschoolers’ Eating Behaviors in Chinese Urban Families: The Mediating Roles of Caregivers’ Feeding Behaviors
Zhao, Z., Qu, F., Wu, R., Wei, X., Song, X., Wu, C., Wang, J., Hua, W., & Zhu, D. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17182961
Less Positive Parenting Appears to be a Consequence, Rather Than a Cause, of Youth Antisocial Behavior: Results from a Longitudinal Twin Study
Dio, A. M. D., Shewark, E. A., Hyde, L. W., & Burt, S. A. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-026-01425-2
Because the world seems just, life is satisfying—or vice versa? A 12-year longitudinal study
Jin, Y., Han, S., & Zhao, R. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113895
Who Influences Whom? Examining Self-Control and Delinquent Peer Dynamics among Justice-Involved Youth
Park, H.-M., Peck, J. H., & Ray, J. V. (2026) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-026-02365-2 · Cited by 1
Teachers’ future time perspective and work-related stress: a day-to-day investigation
van Alphen, T., de Wal, J. J. I., Schuitema, J. A., & Peetsma, T. T. D. (2026) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2026.2696306
Buffering Effects of Physical Activity on Negative Life Events–Life Satisfaction Dynamics
Groß, D., Haffa, J., & Möhring, W. (2026) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70198
Longitudinal relations between expectancy, value, and homework behavior in elementary students
Avcı, S., Şener, N., Sarıcan, E., & Avcu, A. (2026) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220671.2026.2689426
Cross-Lagged Panel Models for Studying Psychopathology: A Comparative Overview of Structural Equation and Panel Network ApproachesPreprint
Veer, I. M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Epskamp, S., Freichel, R., & McNally, R. J. (2026) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)
The Role of Needs-Based Job Crafting in Strengthening Work-Related Sense of Coherence: A Two-Wave Panel Study
Cetkovská, K., Bauer, G. F., & Tušl, M. (2026) · Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.16993/sjwop.389
An avoidance trap? Within-person dynamics between social interaction anxiety and the tendency to avoid physical activity and sport among Chinese university students: a four-wave random-intercept cross-lagged panel study
Liu, D., Xiao, X., & Tang, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1914632
Exploratory Continuous-Time Modeling (Expct): Extracting Dynamic Features from Irregularly Spaced Time Series
Ryan, O., Wu, K., & Jacobson, N. C. (2026) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2026.2717741
Stable co-occurrence and model-dependent within-person prospective coupling between problematic smartphone use and depressive symptoms: A four-wave study among college students
Che, X., Wei, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, C., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Chang, Z., Zheng, X., & Hui, Q. (2026) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2026.108859
Longitudinal Relations Between Belief in a Just World and Prosocial Behavior Among Chinese Early Adolescents: The Moderating Role of Orientations to Happiness
Zhou, Z., Yang, X., Mai, L., Hong, H., & Kou, Y. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01107-2
Within-person level dynamics for the interplay between parental psychological control and adolescents' depressive symptoms: A differentiated, multidimensional approach.
Cao, H.-J., Wang, S.-F., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Wang, S.-Y., Qiu, Y.-Y., Zhou, N., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70272
Exploring Dynamic and Reciprocal Within-Person Relations Between Emotion Regulation and Affect at Work: A Continuous Time Modeling Approach
Rudolph, C. W., Wilcox, A., & Zacher, H. (2026) · Occupational Health Science · doi:10.1007/s41542-026-00276-z
Temporal organization of negative affect shapes reciprocal feedback with psychotic-like experiences in daily life
Misiak, B., Gawęda, Ł., & Samochowiec, J. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2026.122641
An Analytical Comparison of Latent Growth Curve, Cross-Lagged Panel, and Latent Difference Score Modeling for Longitudinal Mediation Analysis
Li, R., & Wang, L. (2026) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2026.2735025

Authors: Kuiper, R. M., & Ryan, O.
Affiliations: Utrecht University (NL)
Corresponding author: Kuiper, Rebecca M.
ORCID: Kuiper, Rebecca M.
Ryan, Oisín
Venue: Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2018-03-05
Volume: 25
Issue: 5
Pages: 809-823
ISSN: 1070-5511 (ISSN-L)
1532-8007
DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2018.1431046
OpenAlex: W2791017149
Cited by: 155
References: 42
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 3
FWCI: 13.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO (Onderzoekstalent Grant 406-15-128; Kuiper, VENI Grant 451-16-019)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Keywords: cross-lagged panel model, time intervals, Granger causality, reciprocal causation, parameter estimates, first-order systems, causal inference

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Drawing Conclusions from Cross-Lagged Relationships: Re-Considering the Role of the Time-Interval

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks