Social psychological bases for Stakeholder acceptance Capacity

“Although applied in only two publications context is generally considered an important aspect in attitude surveys as slight changes in context can result in different interpretation of a question and therefore different results (Heberlein, 2012; Zinn et al., 2000).”

“However, in a study from the USA regarding mountain lions, Zinn et al. (2000) reported that males were more likely than females to accept destroying a lion across four situations (seen in area, killed a pet, injured a human, killed a human).”

“Despite the extensive literature on WACs (Decker and Purdy 1988, Gigliotti et al. 2000, Riley and Decker 2000, Zinn et al. 2000, Zajac et al. 2012), we could find no examples of education efforts designed to manipulate directly the variables known to affect an individual’s acceptance of a species.”

“Importantly, perceptions and beliefs are subject to manipulation through information and education (Zinn et al., 2000).”

“Effective management strategies require knowledge about acceptable and appropriate mechanisms for cosharing management responsibility, levels of acceptance for impacts caused by wildlife to agriculture, the potential of various mitigating management actions, social, cultural and economic needs associated with wildlife…”

“information received from friends, relatives, the media etc [10,17]) personal experiences, we hypothesise that negative tiger-related experiences will affect negatively beliefs about tigers and the current tiger population trend [33].”

“The lack of decision-making authority and control over one's environment may be key factors influencing attitudes toward tigers (Zinn et al. 2000; Carter et al. 2012a).”

“They are seen as major influences on wildlife acceptance capacity (Decker and Purdy, 1988; Wagner and Seal, 1992; Riley and Decker, 2000; Zinn et al., 2000).”

“General values toward wildlife may influence evaluation of interactions and, therefore, have been predicted to affect acceptance capacity for the species (Zinn et al. 2000).”

“Given previous research demonstrating that personal experience with wildlife-related problems often leads to reduced wildlife acceptance capacity ( Zinn, Manfredo, & and Vaske, 2000 ), we expected to find that experience with bear-related problems would predict concern.”

“It is important for wildlife managers to understand public perceptions of the appropriate and acceptable population numbers of wildlife species because wildlife habitats include both public and private lands, and democratic governments must consider public wants and needs (Zinn et al. 2000).”

“When prolonged, these exposures may lead to a deterioration of acceptance capacities ( Carpenter, Decker & Lipscomb, 2000 ; Zinn, Manfredo & Vaske, 2000 ), as reflected by retributive killings of elephants by affected communities throughout parts of India ( Sukumar, 2006 ), as well as in and around our study sites ( G…”

“Social norms are defined by shared beliefs about the acceptability of an action or situation ( Shelby, Vaske, & Donnelly, 1996 ) and are highly situational ( Zinn, Manfredo, & Vaske, 2000 ), such as norms among hunters about handling deer carcasses in CWD areas.”

“These beliefs are based on internal, psychological variables, behavioral variables (e.g., farmer vs. wildlife manager and past experiences with wildlife), and specific factors of a certain case (e.g., wildlife species and management actions) (Zinn et al., 2000).”

“within the external context such as species abundance [7].”

“…it is the interaction of perceived benefits (subsistence, recreation, aesthetic, and scientific) and potential threats (damage, attack, or disease) that determine individual WAC or willingness to absorb the cost of living with animals (Riley & Decker, 2000a; Riley et al., 2002; Zinn et al., 2000).”

“Moreover, perceptions are crucial (Naughton'Treves & Treves, 2005; Zinn et al., 2000) and any successful solution to conflict must address them directly (Madden, 2004; Treves et al.”

“While improved understanding of the factors that account for differences in tolerance can help managers resolve or circumvent conflicts more successfully, it can also help them communicate more effectively (Zinn et al., 2000).”

“…understand the diversity of preferences for wildlife management policy, especially when people’s preferences are based on interactions between psychological variables – such as values, beliefs and emotions – social variables, experience, and situational specifics (Zinn, Manfredo, and Vaske 2000).”

“Given such conflicts, resource managers need to understand and predict public tolerance for deer numbers, and for proposed management options, in order to communicate and resolve disagreements (Lauber and Brown 2006; McCleery 2009; Riley et al. 2002; Zinn et al. 2000).”

“…this field often adopts quantitative scales to differentiate between positive and negative attitudes (Treves et al. 2013; Browne-Nuñez et al. 2015) focusing on the psychological and cognitive structures that form a linear pathway from beliefs through to attitudes and behaviours (Zinn et al. 2000).”

“Although this strategy primarily focused on a situational view of tolerance or wildlife acceptance capacity (Zinn et al., 2000; Brenner and Metcalf, 2020), it offers a tangible proxy for how individuals might respond to snakes across broader contexts.”

“For instance, species once considered a valuable resource, such as Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) and white-tailed deer ( Odocoileus virginianus ), have been redefined as pests as their numbers and interactions with humans have increased (Zinn et al., 2000; Leong, 2009).”

“…norms are also used in the broader field of environmental management, examples including wildlife management (Whittaker 1997; Wittman et al. 1998; Zinn et al. 1998, 2000), fire management (Bright et al. 1993; Kneeshaw et al. 2004), minimum stream flow (Shelby & Whittaker 1995), and lake and…”

“The SWAC suggests that different stakeholder groups may tolerate different population sizes due to their perceptions of risks and benefits associated with a species (Decker and Purdy 1988, Zinn et al. 2000, Lischka et al. 2008).”

“Several anthropogenic counterparts have been proposed (Decker & Purdy, 1988; Carpenter et al., 2000; Zinn et al., 2000; Kleiven et al., 2004), yet a spatially explicit analysis of human acceptance is rarely combined with ecological habitat assessments (Behr et al., 2017).”

“Like our results, other studies have found that although females tend to be more fearful of predator species, they also tend to be less accepting of lethal control (Jackman & Rutberg, 2015; Kleiven et al., 2004; Martínez-Espiñeira, 2006; Zinn et al., 2000; Zinn & Pierce, 2002).”

“Public support for management is a complex process influenced by multiple factors, including social norms, individual species characteristics, and wildlife value orientations (Manfredo et al., 1998; Zinn et al., 2000).”