Health effects of Monochloramines in drinking water
Abstract
The use of chloranine as a disinfecting process for drinking water is widely practiced in the United States. Although exposure of humans to chloramines in drinking water via renal dialysis produces marked changes in blood parameters including hemolysis, no studies on effects of orally administered chloramines have been published. This study examined the effects of a 30 day exposure of monochloramine in drinking water in doses ranging from 2.5 to 200 ppm on the blood characteristics of male A/J mice. With the exception of hematocrit which rose slightly, none of the blood characteristics indicative of oxidant stress and prehemolytic condtions were significantly affected at any dose. The conclusion is that monochloramine ingestion by A/J mice does not appear to produce evidence of hemolysis even at very high dose levels.
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In A/J mice, monochloramine in drinking water at 2.5-200 mg/l for 30 days caused body weight loss and increased hematocrit at doses >=50 mg/l, but no significant exposure-related changes in other hematological parameters.
“With the exception of body weight loss and increased hematocrit at doses !50 mg/l, all indicators of prehemolytic or hemolytic stress (i.e. 10 hematological parameters including osmotic fragility and GSH levels) failed to show any significant exposure-related changes.”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Moore et al. 1980
In mice, reduced body weight and slightly increased hematocrit were seen at monochloramine doses ≥8.7 mg/kg bw/day, whereas other hematological parameters (including GSH levels) were unaffected following administration during 30 d at doses of 0.44-35 mg/kg bw/day.
“In mice, reduced body weight and slightly increased hematocrit were seen at doses !8.7 mg/kg bw/day, whereas other hematological parameters (including GSH levels) were unaffected following administration during 30 d at doses of 0.44-35 mg/kg bw/day (Moore et al. 1980).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Moore et al. 1980
Minor immunological and hematological effects after short-term oral exposure (0.8-38 mg/kg bw/day) were reported in some studies in rodents.
“Minor immunological and hematological effects after short-term oral exposure (0.8-38 mg/kg bw/day) were reported in some studies in rodents (Bull 1980;Moore et al. 1980;Exon et al. 1987;Guo et al. 2011).”
From Inorganic chloramines: a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting (2020) · cites this paper as Moore et al. 1980
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Inorganic chloramines as drinking water disinfectants: a review
Wolfe, R. L., Ward, N. R., & Olson, B. H. (1984) · Journal AWWA · doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1984.tb05337.x · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Wastensson, G., & Eriksson, K. (2020) · Critical Reviews in Toxicology · doi:10.1080/10408444.2020.1744514 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Moore, G. S., Calabrese, E. J., & McGee, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- ORCID
- Calabrese, Edward J.
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Science and Health . Part A: Environmental Science and Engineering
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 1980-01
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 239-258
- ISSN
- 0360-1226 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2067299375
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Science and Health Part A Environmental Science and Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Water Treatment and Disinfection
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Keywords
- monochloramine, chloramines, drinking water disinfection, hemolysis, blood parameters, oxidative stress, hematocrit, oral exposure, A/J mice, health effects
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