COVID-19 in Portugal: exploring the immediate psychological impact on the general population.
Abstract
Like previous pandemics, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has direct and indirect effects, including in mental health. To evaluate the immediate psychological impact of COVID-19, we conducted an online survey in Portugal (24-27 March 2020), using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21). From the 10,529 participants (M = 31.33; SD = 9.73), 83.4% were women, had a mean age of 31.2 years, and 70.9% were active workers. Depression, anxiety, and stress were rated as moderate to severe in 11.7%, 16.9%, and 5.6% of the sample, respectively. Moreover, 49.2% of participants reported a moderate or severe psychological impact of the outbreak. Women, the unemployed, those with lower education, living in rural areas, and with flu-like symptoms or chronic disorders were risk factors. Further research is needed to identify vulnerable groups to better inform and adapt mental health policies and interventions.
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Female gender is associated with a more significant psychological impact, reflecting higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression, and PTSD during the early pandemic.
“National and international studies in the early stages of the pandemic crisis indicated that the female gender is associated with a more significant psychological impact, reflecting higher levels of anxiety, stress, and depression (Paulino et al., 2020; Wanberg et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Moreira et al., 2021), and PTSD (González-Sanguino et al., 2020).”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Paulino et al., 2020
Recent data concerning immediate psychological impact among Portuguese individuals suggest that participants reported higher levels of moderate to severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress than previously.
“recent data concerning immediate psychological impact among Portuguese individuals suggest that participants reported higher levels of moderate to severe symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress than previously (Passos et al., 2020; Paulino et al., 2020; Moreira et al., 2021).”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Paulino et al., 2020
These results are higher than those reported in previous COVID-19 Portuguese studies, especially for stress and anxiety.
“Overall, these results are higher than those reported in previous COVID-19 Portuguese studies (Paulino et al., 2020; Moreira et al., 2021), especially for stress and anxiety.”
From Dealing With the Pandemic of COVID-19 in Portugal: On the Important Role of Positivity, Experiential Avoidance, and Coping Strategies (2021) · cites this paper as Paulino et al., 2020
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References 32 · Cited by 124
- Authors
- Paulino, M., Dumas-Diniz, R., Brissos, S., Brites, R., Alho, L., Simões, M. R., & Silva, C. F.
- Affiliations
- Mind, Institute of Clinical and Forensic Psychology
- Lisbon's Psychiatric Hospitalar Centre
- Autonomous University of Lisbon (PT)
- Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias (PT)
- University of Coimbra (PT)
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Paulino, Mauro
- Venue
- Psychology, Health & Medicine
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-08-18
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 44-55
- ISSN
- 1354-8506 (ISSN-L)
- 1465-3966
- OpenAlex
- W3049204691
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 10.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychology Health & Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, psychological impact, depression, anxiety, stress, general population, risk factors, gender differences, unemployment, educational attainment, rural residence, chronic disease, mental health policy, Portugal
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Adult, Anxiety, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Portugal, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological
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