The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Gender equality and women's empowerment: A critical analysis of the third millennium development goal 1
Abstract
This article discusses the third Millennium Development Goal (MDG), on gender equality and women's empowerment. It explores the concept of women's empowerment and highlights ways in which the indicators associated with this Goal – on education, employment, and political participation – can contribute to it.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Citations
Cites
Resources, agency, achievements: Reflections on the measurement of women’s empowerment.
Kabeer, N. (1999) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/1467-7660.00125 · Cited by 4,976
Self-citationRural credit programs and women's empowerment in Bangladesh
Hashemi, S., Schuler, S. R., & Riley, A. P. (1996) · World Development · doi:10.1016/0305-750x(95)00159-a · Cited by 1,345
Conflicts Over Credit: Re-Evaluating the Empowerment Potential of Loans to Women in Rural Bangladesh
Kabeer, N. (2001) · World Development · doi:10.1016/s0305-750x(00)00081-4 · Cited by 1,114
Self-citationCredit programs, patriarchy and men's violence against women in rural Bangladesh
Schuler, S. R., Hashemi, S., Riley, A. P., & Akhter, S. (1996) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(96)00068-8 · Cited by 542
Women’s Education, Autonomy, and Reproductive Behaviour: Experience from Developing Countries
Jejeebhoy, S. J. (1995) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198290339.001.0001 · Cited by 481
Women's education, autonomy, and reproductive behaviour: experience from developing countries
Jejeebhoy, S. J. (1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-0629 · Cited by 449
No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making
Goetz, A. M., & Hassim, S. (2003) · Cited by 316
Hood, J. C., Benería, L., & Roldán, M. (1990) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2579387 · Cited by 305
López-Garza, M., Benería, L., & Roldán, M. (1988) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2073558 · Cited by 295
The Crossroads of Class and GenderPreprint
Benería, L., & Roldán, M. (1987) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 185
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Kabeer N., Money With A Mission. Microfinance and Poverty Reduction
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 1,000
Mbanze, A. A., Ribeiro, N. S., da Silva, C. V., & Santos, J. L. (2019) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2019.125759 · Cited by 19
Empowering tribal women through entrepreneurship in Sylhet region of Bangladesh
Khanum, R., Mahadi, M. S. A., & Islam, M. S. (2021) · GeoJournal · doi:10.1007/s10708-020-10361-7 · Cited by 19
Gourlay, A. J., Floyd, S., Magut, F., Mulwa, S. N., Mthiyane, N., Wambiya, E. O. A., Otieno, M., Kamire, V., Osindo, J., Chimbindi, N., et al. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006965 · Cited by 19
Anfinson, K. (2022) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055422001034 · Cited by 19
Changes in Subjective Well-Being in India
Kulkarni, V. S., Kulkarni, V. S., Gaiha, R., & Imai, K. S. (2023) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-023-03115-8 · Cited by 19
Ullah, A. A., & Chattoraj, D. (2023) · Genealogy · doi:10.3390/genealogy8010004 · Cited by 19
Post-conflict ruptures and the space for women's empowerment in Bangladesh
Hossain, N. (2018) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2018.03.001 · Cited by 19
Rethinking Rural–Urban Migration and Women’s Empowerment in the Era of the SDGs: Lessons from Ghana
Pickbourn, L. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10041075 · Cited by 19
Kim, E., Myrzabekova, A., Molchanova, E., & Yarova, O. (2018) · Central Asian Survey · doi:10.1080/02634937.2018.1450222 · Cited by 19
Manuere, F., & Phiri, N. (2018) · Journal of Public Administration and Governance · doi:10.5296/jpag.v8i4.13818 · Cited by 21
Singleton, R., Allison, E. H., Gough, C., Kamat, V. R., Billon, P. L., Robson, L., & Sumaila, U. R. (2019) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2019.101946 · Cited by 19
Shuja, K. H., Aqeel, M., & Khan, K. R. (2020) · International Journal of Human Rights in Healthcare · doi:10.1108/ijhrh-12-2019-0090 · Cited by 19
Do gender equality and work–life balance matter for innovation performance?
Ko, Y.-W., Ko, H., Chung, Y., & Woo, C. (2020) · Technology Analysis and Strategic Management · doi:10.1080/09537325.2020.1799971 · Cited by 19
Vicari, S. (2014) · Journal of International Development · doi:10.1002/jid.3003 · Cited by 19
Chant, S. (2007) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 19
The MDGs and the UN's Comparative Advantage in Goal-Setting
Berezin, M., Martin, I. W., Fallon, K. M., Walker, E. T., Costain, A. N., Lee, C., Larson, E., & Lune, H. (2015) · Cited by 18
Revisiting Women's Empowerment and Contraception
Jejeebhoy, S. J., & Sathar, Z. A. (2024) · Population and Development Review · doi:10.1111/padr.12688 · Cited by 19
Blackmore, I., LESOROGOL, C. K., & Iannotti, L. L. (2018) · Journal of Development Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19439342.2018.1452777 · Cited by 18
Macroeconomic policy tools to finance gender equality
Seguino, S. (2018) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/dpr.12396 · Cited by 18
Borsuk, İ. (2021) · Environment and Planning A Economy and Space · doi:10.1177/0308518x211016864 · Cited by 18
Gender Roles and Native Potato Diversity Management in Highland Communities of Peru
Molina, C. A., Dudenhoefer, D., Polar, V., de Scurrah, M. M., Ccanto, R., & Heider, B. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063455 · Cited by 18
Veronese, G., Mahamid, F., & Bdier, D. (2022) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012221099988 · Cited by 18
Gregg, C., Valdez, M., Stollak, I., Martin, S., Story, W. T., & Perry, H. B. (2023) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-022-01759-5 · Cited by 18
Murshid, N. S. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516641284 · Cited by 18
Kamuya, D., Catherine, S. M., & Theobald, S. (2017) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000320 · Cited by 18
Women's bargaining power and child feeding in Nepal: Linkages through nutrition information
Kulkarni, S., Frongillo, E. A., Cunningham, K., Moore, S., & Blake, C. E. (2019) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12883 · Cited by 18
Gender relations along the maize value chain in Mozambique
Adam, R., Quinhentos, M. D. L., Muindi, P., & Osanya, J. (2019) · Outlook on Agriculture · doi:10.1177/0030727019888661 · Cited by 18
Women Empowerment through Agriculture in Chapainawabganj, Bangladesh
Ghosh, M. K., Hasan, S. S., Fariha, R., Bari, M. O., & Parvin, M. A. (2021) · European Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences · doi:10.24018/ejfood.2021.3.1.235 · Cited by 18
Exploring gendered change: concepts and trends in gender equality assessments
MacArthur, J., Carrard, N., & Willetts, J. (2021) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2021.1911636 · Cited by 18
Mainstreaming Gender in European Union Development Policy in the European Neighborhood
Debusscher, P. (2012) · Journal of Women Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2012.722427 · Cited by 18
Collins, A. M. (2016) · International Feminist Journal of Politics · doi:10.1080/14616742.2016.1191791 · Cited by 18
Tân, N. Q., Ubukata, F., Định, N. C., & Ha, V. H. (2024) · Community Development · doi:10.1080/15575330.2024.2344218 · Cited by 17
Pandeya, G. P., & Oyama, T. (2019) · Local Government Studies · doi:10.1080/03003930.2019.1585817 · Cited by 17
Akurugu, C. A., Jatoe, M. M., & Domapielle, M. K. (2021) · World Development Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.wdp.2021.100287 · Cited by 17
Basnet, S., & Hoque, M. M. (2022) · Journal of Women Politics & Policy · doi:10.1080/1554477x.2022.2115281 · Cited by 18
GENDER ROLES AMONG PUBLIC ELEMENTARY TEACHERS: BASIS FOR GENDER-RESPONSIVE INTERVENTION ACTIVITIES
Sebastian, M. A., BANATE, R. M., & SAQUIN, M. I. (2022) · International Online Journal of Primary Education · doi:10.55020/iojpe.1222199 · Cited by 17
Fuseini, M. N. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33659 · Cited by 17
Tuberculosis and the sexual and reproductive lives of women in Bangladesh
Barua, M., van Driel, F. T., & Jansen, W. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201134 · Cited by 17
Guvuriro, S., & Booysen, F. (2019) · Development Southern Africa · doi:10.1080/0376835x.2019.1581599 · Cited by 17
Exploring gaps in monitoring and evaluation of male engagement in family planning
Adamou, B., Iskarpatyoti, B. S., Agala, C. B., & Mejía, C. (2019) · Gates Open Research · doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.12927.1 · Cited by 17
The SDGs and the Empowerment of Bangladeshi Women
Hossain, N. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57938-8_21 · Cited by 17
Gender empowerment measure in political achievement in selected developed and developing countries
Ismail, M., Rasdi, R. M., & Jamal, A. N. A. (2011) · Gender in Management An International Journal · doi:10.1108/17542411111154912 · Cited by 18
Chaney, P. (2016) · Journal of Civil Society · doi:10.1080/17448689.2016.1178964 · Cited by 20
Gender and forest, tree and agroforestry value chains: evidence from literature
Ingram, V. J., Haverhals, M., Petersen, S. L., Elias, M., & Basnett, B. S. (2016) · CGSPace A Repository of Agricultural Research Outputs (Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research) · Cited by 17
Tourism and women empowerment in Monduli District, Arusha-Tanzania
Mrema, A. A. (2015) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 17
The Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty During the Aids Epidemic in UgandaPreprint
Seeley, J. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1615602 · Cited by 17
Eklund, L. (2011) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 17
Irene, B., Ndlovu-Hlatshwayo, E. N., Felix-Faure, P. C., Dlabatshana, Z., & Ogunmokun, O. C. (2025) · Administrative Sciences · doi:10.3390/admsci15080323 · Cited by 16
Spatial variation in the use of reproductive health services over time: a decomposition analysis
Abekah‐Nkrumah, G. (2018) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1695-3 · Cited by 16
McNamara, K. E., & Clissold, R. (2019) · Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography · doi:10.1111/sjtg.12280 · Cited by 18
Women and Development in Ethiopia: A Sociohistorical Analysis
Semela, T., Bekele, H., & Abraham, R. (2019) · Journal of Developing Societies · doi:10.1177/0169796x19844438 · Cited by 16
Entrepreneuring in necessity contexts: effecting change among widow entrepreneurs in Northern Ghana
Lent, M. (2022) · Entrepreneurship and Regional Development · doi:10.1080/08985626.2022.2087746 · Cited by 16
Disciplinary mobility and women’s empowerment: a complicated connection
Dulhunty, A. (2022) · Mobilities · doi:10.1080/17450101.2022.2088298 · Cited by 16
Fan, H., Li, B., Pasaribu, T. A., & Chowdhury, R. (2023) · Qualitative Inquiry · doi:10.1177/10778004231176283 · Cited by 16
Cullen, B., Snyder, K. A., Rubin, D. S., & Tufan, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1250709 · Cited by 16
Guo, Q., Yang, X., & Chen, H. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1080/10941665.2023.2289401 · Cited by 16
Multidimensional empowerment of Li ethnic minority women in tourism: A study in Hainan, China
Gu, G., Tu, Z., Li, P., Wong, A. K. F., Shang, W., & Song, X. (2023) · Tourism Management Perspectives · doi:10.1016/j.tmp.2023.101216 · Cited by 16
Spatial education inequality for attainment indicators in sub-saharan Africa and spillovers effects
Delprato, M., Chudgar, A., & Frola, A. (2024) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106522 · Cited by 16
An assessment of attitude towards equitable gender norms among Muslim women in Bangladesh
Sayem, A. M., & Nury, A. T. M. S. (2013) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.04.007 · Cited by 16
The paradoxes of empowerment: gendering NREGA in the rural landscape of India
Maiorano, D., Thapar‐Björkert, S., & Blomkvist, H. (2015) · Development in Practice · doi:10.1080/09614524.2016.1119805 · Cited by 16
Matthys, M.-L., Acharya, S., & Khatri, S. (2021) · World Development · doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105410 · Cited by 20
Sexual Health Challenges in Iran and the Strategies for its Improvement
Damari, B., & Akrami, F. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.27.2.3502.1 · Cited by 16
The impact of social media on women’s empowerment in the Kingdom of Bahrain
Al-Ammary, J. (2022) · Gender Technology and Development · doi:10.1080/09718524.2022.2040217 · Cited by 18
Sperandio, J. (2010) · Gender and Education · doi:10.1080/09540251003674097 · Cited by 17
The social space of empowerment within epilepsy services: The map is not the terrain
Bennett, L., Bergin, M., & WELLS, J. S. G. (2016) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2015.12.045 · Cited by 16
Dutt, A. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12247 · Cited by 16
Purushothaman, A. (2013) · VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) · Cited by 16
Khadka, M., Uprety, L., Shrestha, G., Shakya, S., Mitra, A., & Mukherji, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2023.1159867 · Cited by 15
Parnell, S. M. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137367433_2 · Cited by 15
Masamha, B., Uzokwe, V. N. E., & Thebe, V. (2017) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2017.1325433 · Cited by 15
Gender Blindness and the Annulment of the Development Contract
Alemany, C., Slatter, C., & Enriquez, C. M. R. (2019) · Development and Change · doi:10.1111/dech.12486 · Cited by 15
Makate, M. (2024) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107784 · Cited by 16
Young African women must have empowering and receptive social environments for HIV prevention
Conn, C. (2012) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2012.712659 · Cited by 15
van der Merwe, M., & Albertyn, R. (2009) · Community Development Journal · doi:10.1093/cdj/bsp001 · Cited by 15
Association of Education and Knowledge of HIV with HIV Stigma in Thirteen Selected African Countries
Fortwengel, G. (2018) · Central African Journal of Public Health · doi:10.11648/j.cajph.20180402.13 · Cited by 15
The Impact of Cash Transfers on Women's Empowerment: The Case of the Tanzania Social Action Fund
Kinyondo, A., & Joseph, M. (2019) · Poverty & Public Policy · doi:10.1002/pop4.256 · Cited by 15
Leveraging climate finance for gender equality and poverty reduction: A comparative study
Atmadja, S., Liswanti, N., Tamara, A., Lestari, H., & Djoudi, H. (2020) · Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) eBooks · doi:10.17528/cifor/007889 · Cited by 15
Model of Psychological Empowerment Based on Structural Equations for Predicting Autonomy
Muñoz-Márquez, C. E., Barrera, R. M., & Espinosa, A. D. C. D. (2021) · Revista Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.15446/rcp.v30n2.82149 · Cited by 18
Porter, G. (2007) · Cited by 15
Fair enough? Women and Fair Trade
McArdle, L., & Thomas, P. (2012) · Critical Perspectives on International Business · doi:10.1108/17422041211274165 · Cited by 15
New technologies and the transformations of women's labour at home and work
Glucksmann, M. A., & Nolan, J. (2007) · Equal Opportunities International · doi:10.1108/02610150710732186 · Cited by 15
Krubiner, C., Salmon, M. E., Synowiec, C., & Lagomarsino, G. (2015) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2015.10.007 · Cited by 15
Ruíz, R. M., Lizárraga, C., & Mwaipopo, R. (2016) · Rural Sociology · doi:10.1111/ruso.12090 · Cited by 15
The impact of microfinance on women empowerment: Evidence from Eastern India
Nilakantan, R., Datta, S., Sinha, P., & Datta, S. K. (2013) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 15
Analysing social networks in rural development: a gender approach
Pérez, J. E., & Lara, J. J. S. (2016) · International Review of Social Research · doi:10.1515/irsr-2016-0023 · Cited by 15
Akello, J. A., Lutwama-Rukundo, E., & Musiimenta, P. (2017) · Adult Education Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0741713616685143 · Cited by 15
Atozou, B., Mayuto, R., & Abodohoui, A. (2017) · Journal of Sustainable Development · doi:10.5539/jsd.v10n6p137 · Cited by 15
The effect of microfinance on income inequality: perspective of developing countries
Ali, I. A. M., & Ghoneim, H. (2019) · Journal of Economics and Management · doi:10.22367/jem.2019.35.03 · Cited by 15
Gender, empowerment, and cultural preservation at Topu Honis Shelter Home, Timor-Leste
Johnson, C. M. (2014) · Gender Place & Culture · doi:10.1080/0966369x.2014.970134 · Cited by 15
Marton, Y., Mohammad, S. M., & Resnik, P. (2009) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/1699571.1699614 · Cited by 15
Challenges to Cracking the Glass Ceiling among Saudi Women in the Tourism Industry
Sobaih, A. E. E., & Abu Elnasr, A. E. (2024) · Tourism and Hospitality · doi:10.3390/tourhosp5010014 · Cited by 20
The impact of social dominance orientation on female entrepreneurial intention
Muldoon, J. E., Lucy, C., & Lidzy, S. D. (2019) · New England journal of entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/neje-05-2019-0025 · Cited by 14
Does Microfinance Singlehandedly Empower Women? A Case Study of Bangladesh
Pervin, S., Ismail, M. N., & Noman, A. H. M. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221096114 · Cited by 14
Female empowerment through sport: an exploratory narrative review
Streetman, A. E., & Heinrich, K. M. (2023) · Sport in Society · doi:10.1080/17430437.2023.2270443 · Cited by 19
The Time-Use Agency Scale: Development and Validation of a Measure for Ghana and Beyond
Sinharoy, S. S., Cheong, Y. F., Seymour, G., Heckert, J., Johnson, E. R., & Yount, K. M. (2023) · Feminist Economics · doi:10.1080/13545701.2023.2262476 · Cited by 14
Lecoutere, E., & Chu, L. (2023) · Development Policy Review · doi:10.1111/dpr.12758 · Cited by 14
Disparity by caste and tribe: Understanding women's empowerment and health outcomes in India
Mal, P., & Saikia, N. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117074 · Cited by 15
Kannan, S., Bessette, D., & Makai, L. (2024) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2024.103687 · Cited by 18
Bamusi, M. T., Philip, N. E., & Bhat, L. D. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-03345-z · Cited by 14
Who is a “real woman”? Empowerment and the discourse of respectability in Namibia's Zambezi region
Khumalo, K. E., McKay, K. H., & Freimund, W. A. (2014) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2014.10.002 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Kabeer, N.
- Affiliations
- University of Sussex (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kabeer, Naila
- ORCID
- Kabeer, Naila
- Venue
- Gender & Development
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2005-03
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 13-24
- ISSN
- 1355-2074 (ISSN-L)
- 1364-9221
- OpenAlex
- W2048104434
- Cited by
- 2,164
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 202 · 2025: 208 · 2024: 224 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 169 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 172 · 2018: 135 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 87 · 2014: 74 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 35.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Gender & Development (publishedVersion)
- London School of Economics and Political Science Theses Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
- SOAS Research Online (SOAS University of London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Gender, Education, and Development Issues
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Human Rights and Development
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Politics and Representation
- Keywords
- gender equality, women's empowerment, Millennium Development Goal 3, women's education, women's employment, women's political participation, gender equality policy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review