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Barriers to healthcare as reported by rural and urban interprofessional providers
Abstract
The research literature is replete with reports of barriers to care perceived by rural patients seeking healthcare. Less often reported are barriers perceived by the rural healthcare providers themselves. The current study is an extensive survey of over 1,500 healthcare providers randomly selected from two US states with large rural populations, Alaska and New Mexico. Barriers consistently identified across rural and urban regions by all healthcare professionals were Patient Complexity, Resource Limitations, Service Access, Training Constraints, and Patient Avoidance of Care. Findings confirmed that rural areas, however, struggle more with healthcare barriers than urban and small urban areas, especially as related to Resource Limitations, Confidentiality Limitations, Overlapping Roles, Provider Travel, Service Access, and Training Constraints. Almost consistently, the smaller a provider's practice community, the greater the reports of barriers, with the most severe barriers reported in small rural communities.
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“This is especially true in closely-knit rural communities [34, 51].”
From Barefoot therapists: barriers and facilitators to delivering maternal mental health care through peer volunteers in Pakistan: a qualitative study (2016) · cites this paper as [51]
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Cross‐Barnet, C., Ruiz, S., Skillman, M., Dhopeshwarkar, R. V., Singer, R., Carpenter, R., Campanella, S., Freij, M., Snyder, L. P., & Colligan, E. M. (2018) · Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno) · doi:10.13016/m2f9ik-fmv3 · Cited by 10
Blaney, C., Sommer, J. L., El-Gabalawy, R. M., Bernstein, C. N., Walld, R., Hitchon, C. A., Bolton, J. M., Sareen, J., Patten, S. B., Singer, A. G., et al. (2020) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796019000854 · Cited by 11
Müller, M., Knop, M., Reßing, C., Freude, H., Oschinsky, F. M., Klein, H. C., & Niehaves, B. (2020) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.447 · Cited by 10
“Patients as well as physicians are obliged to travel long distances either to consult a professional or to visit patients in need of care at home [3, 7].”
BackgroundJohnson, I. D., & Hiller, M. L. (2016) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260516663900 · Cited by 10
“As indicated earlier in the Methods section, the eight communities in which survivors presented were used to measure community context instead of the demographic categories of rurality used by Brems et al. (2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialByaruhanga, J., Paul, C. L., Wiggers, J. H., Byrnes, E., Mitchell, A., Lecathelinais, C., & Tzelepis, F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082891 · Cited by 10
“For people in rural areas who cannot easily access existing face to face services due to associated travel costs [34,35], both real-time video communication and telephone interventions are feasible modes for the delivery of smoking cessation support.”
Backgrounddel Valle, F. D., Koff, P. B., Min, S., Zakrajsek, J. K., ZITTLEMAN, L. K., Fernald, D. H., Nederveld, A., Nease, D. E., Hunter, A. R., Moody, E. J., et al. (2021) · Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases Journal of the COPD Foundation · doi:10.15326/jcopdf.2021.0215 · Cited by 9
Rahman, Q. M., Sikder, M. T., Talha, M. T. U. S., Banik, R., & Pranta, M. U. R. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11152 · Cited by 9
“…than urban areas, particularly with resource constraints, con fi dentiality constraints, overlapping re-sponsibilities, and training constraints (Brems et al., 2006) and having dif fi culty in attracting and retaining physicians and maintaining healthcare services on a par with their urban…”
BackgroundTeaching Note—Diversity and Difference Through a Rural Lens
Bice‐Wigington, T., & Morgan, K. M. (2018) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2017.1314838 · Cited by 9
Seaton, J. A., Jones, A., Johnston, C., & Francis, K. L. (2020) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py20148 · Cited by 9
Access to Contraceptives in School-Based Health Centers: Progress and Opportunities
Sullivan, E. E., Love, H., Fisher, R. L., Schlitt, J. J., Cook, E. L., & Soleimanpour, S. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.08.030 · Cited by 8
Jobalayeva, B. S., Glushkova, N., Khismetova, Z. A., Tanatarova, G., Zhagiparova, Z., & Semenova, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-11432-w · Cited by 7
“In addition, rural dwellers may face additional expenses, as they must travel long distances to access healthcare 35 .”
Stone soup: social work community engagement in rural America’s opioid crisis
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“Sympathy” vs.“Empathy”: Comparing experiences of I2Audits and disability simulations
Hicks, E. C., Traci, M. A., & Korb, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Rehabilitation Sciences · doi:10.3389/fresc.2022.876099 · Cited by 7
“This factor combined with higher rates of poverty in rural areas (17) leads to multiple financial barriers in accessing care.”
BackgroundComparison of US Oncologist Rurality by Practice Setting and Patients Served
Cornelius, S. L., Schaefer, A., Wong, S. L., & Moen, E. L. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.50504 · Cited by 6
Moore, J. R., Renn, T., & Veeh, C. A. (2021) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.1903651 · Cited by 6
Difference in rural and urban Medicare prescription pattern for Parkinson’s disease in Hawai‘i
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“The smaller a provider’s practice community, the greater the reports of barriers, with the most severe barriers reported in small rural communities [22].”
BackgroundWang, E., Diaz, A., Zhang, D., Dimitroyannis, R. C., Kim, D., Caballero, N., Pinto, J. M., & Roxbury, C. R. (2023) · Laryngoscope Investigative Otolaryngology · doi:10.1002/lio2.1192 · Cited by 6
Barriers to Preventive Services Use for Rural Women in the Southeastern United States
Weaver, A., & Gjesfjeld, C. D. (2014) · Social Work Research · doi:10.1093/swr/svu023 · Cited by 6
Reaching Rural Residents to Identify Colorectal Cancer Education and Intervention Targets
Sutton, A. L., Preston, M. A., Thomson, M. D., Litzenberg, C., Taylor, T. F., Cole, E. P., & Sheppard, V. B. (2019) · Journal of Cancer Education · doi:10.1007/s13187-019-01635-x · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Brems, C., Johnson, M. E., Warner, T. D., & Roberts, L. W.
- Affiliations
- University of Alaska Anchorage (US)
- University of New Mexico (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brems, Christiane
- Venue
- Journal of Interprofessional Care
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 105-118
- ISSN
- 1356-1820 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9567
- OpenAlex
- W2046872174
- Cited by
- 184
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Interprofessional Care (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Global Health Workforce Issues
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Interprofessional Education and Collaboration
- Keywords
- barriers to care, rural health care providers, urban-rural differences, resource constraints, access to services, patient complexity, training constraints, small rural communities, Alaska, New Mexico
- MeSH terms
- Alaska, Female, Health Personnel, Health Services Accessibility, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, New Mexico, Rural Health Services, Urban Health Services, Health Care Surveys
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