Examining the ‘National Risk Assessment for Detention’ process: an intersectional analysis of detaining ‘dangerousness’ in Canada
Open accessAbstract
Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) officers use the National Risk Assessment for Detention (NRAD) process to evaluate the ‘riskiness’ of immigration detainees. The NRAD’s key tool is a 2-page document laying out ‘risk factors’ with corresponding points that add up to scores of ‘dangerousness’ allegedly posed by non-citizens. CBSA officers then recommend detention in either a provincial prison or a lower security ‘immigration holding centre’. In a national context of no legislated upper time limits on detention periods, and where telephonic and other access to incarceration sites is impeded, the NRAD form’s outcome portends serious, long-term consequences.
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Risk-assessment approach often masks negative racialized presuppositions about risk-levels of ethnic groups, which may be exacerbated by periodic moral panics or economic downturns.
“Furthermore, it often masks negative racialized presuppositions about risk-levels of ethnic groups, which may be exacerbated by periodic moral panics or economic downturns (Silverman & Kaytaz, 2022).”
From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Silverman & Kaytaz, 2022
There are many different definitions of risk.
“As a result, there are many different definitions of risk (Silverman & Kaytaz, 2022).”
From Colonization, Normalization and Risk-Assessment: The Case of Youth Criminal Justice Act and Correctional Overrepresentation of Indigenous Youth in Canada (2025) · cites this paper as Silverman & Kaytaz, 2022
Cites
Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Crenshaw, K. (1991) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229039 · Cited by 29,585 · see citing works
Understanding Risk in the Context of the Youth Criminal Justice Act
Maurutto, P., & Hannah-Moffat, K. (2007) · Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice · doi:10.3138/cjccj.49.4.465 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
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Barmaki, R. (2025) · International Criminology · doi:10.1007/s43576-025-00170-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Silverman, S. J., & Kaytaz, E. S.
- Affiliations
- York University (CA)
- Coventry University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Silverman, Stephanie J.
- Venue
- Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-11-10
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 693-709
- ISSN
- 1369-183X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-9451
- OpenAlex
- W3102499308
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (publishedVersion)
- Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Immigration Law and Human Rights
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Migration, Refugees, and Integration
- Social Sciences › Health › Migration, Racism, and Human Rights
- Keywords
- immigration detention, dangerousness, risk assessment, Canada Border Services Agency, intersectionality, detention policy, non-citizens
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