The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Letter Digit Substitution Test: Normative Data for 1,858 Healthy Participants Aged 24–81 from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS): Influence of Age, Education, and Sex
Abstract
The Letter Digit Substitution Test (LDST) is based on earlier developed substitution tests (e.g., Digit Symbol Substitution Test) but uses over-learned signs instead of the symbols used in other substitution tests. The written and oral versions of the LDST were administered to a large, cognitively screened sample (N = 1,858) of adults aged 24 to 81 years. Age was the most important predictor of LDST performance, and females outperformed males. A low level of education profoundly influenced LDST performance: the effect of a low versus high level of education on LDST performance was comparable to about 20 years of aging. Regression-based normative data were prepared for both the written and oral versions of the LDST.
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Cited by
Durga, J., van Boxtel, M. P., Schouten, E. G., Kok, F. J., Jolles, J., Katan, M. B., & Verhoef, P. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)60109-3 · Cited by 758
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Cohort Profile: The Dutch Hunger Winter Families Study
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Lifestyle for Brain Health (LIBRA): a new model for dementia prevention
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Metadata
- Authors
- van der Elst, W., van Boxtel, M. P. J., van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Jolles, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 998-1009
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2144043115
- Cited by
- 386
- References
- 21
- FWCI
- 16.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The Letter Digit Substitution Test: Normative Data for 1,858 Healthy Participants Aged 24–81 from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS): Influence of Age, Education, and Sex. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1080/13803390591004428
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- van der Elst, W., van Boxtel, M. P. J., van Breukelen, G. J. P., & Jolles, J. (2006). The Letter Digit Substitution Test: Normative Data for 1,858 Healthy Participants Aged 24–81 from the Maastricht Aging Study (MAAS): Influence of Age, Education, and Sex. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803390591004428
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