Exploring the effect of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on executive function, working memory, and processing speed during the early recovery period following traumatic brain injury
Open accessAbstract
Introduction There is evidence that the e4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is detrimental to cognitive function, but results from traumatic brain injury (TBI) populations are mixed. A possible explanation is that APOEe2 carriers have routinely been incorporated into APOEe4 and non-e4 groups, despite APOEe2 being proposed to have an ameliorative effect. Our primary aim was to investigate the influence of APOEe4 on cognitive impairment during early recovery following TBI, excluding the potential confound of APOEe2 possession. A secondary objective was to explore whether APOEe4 displays more pronounced effects in moderate to severe TBI and to consider the potential postinjury protective influence of the APOEe2 allele. Method Participants who recently sustained a TBI (posttraumatic amnesia > 5 minutes) were assessed on measures of information processing speed, executive function, and working memory upon remission of posttraumatic amnesia. APOE genotype was determined by buccal saliva DNA extraction (APOEe4 n = 37, APOEe3 n = 92, APOEe2 n = 13). Results Stepwise multiple regressions were performed to compare APOEe4 carriers to APOEe3 homozygotes, with injury severity, age, and estimated premorbid IQ included in the first step. This model was found to significantly predict performance on all tasks, accounting for 17.3-24.3% of the variance. When APOEe4 status was added for the second step, there were no significant changes on any tasks (additional variance Conclusions It…
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Individuals with genetic predisposition to developing AD (ApoE4 risk alleles) display altered outcome after TBI, making the distinction between environmental and genetic risk factors for post-injury recovery unclear.
“Also, several clinical studies report that individuals with genetic predisposition to developing AD (ApoE4 risk alleles) display altered outcome after TBI making the distinction between environmental and genetic risk factors for post-injury recovery unclear (33, 34).”
From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Padgett, C. R., Summers, M. J., Vickers, J. C., McCormack, G. H., & Skilbeck, C. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-02-22
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 551-560
- ISSN
- 0165-0475 (ISSN-L)
- 1380-3395
- 1744-411X
- OpenAlex
- W2274810767
- Cited by
- 17
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 2.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- figshare.com
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCite Digital Repository (University of Tasmania) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- apolipoprotein E, APOE ε4, APOE e2 allele, traumatic brain injury, executive function, working memory, processing speed, post-traumatic amnesia, cognitive recovery, injury severity, genetic risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Regression Analysis, Retrospective Studies, Chi-Square Distribution, Recovery of Function, Apolipoprotein E3, Apolipoprotein E4, Young Adult, Executive Function
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