Traumatic brain injury history is associated with earlier age of onset of Alzheimer disease
Open accessAbstract
Objective: This study examined whether a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with earlier onset of Alzheimer disease (AD), independent of apolipoprotein ε4 status (Apoe4) and gender.Method: Participants with a clinical diagnosis of AD (n = 7625) were obtained from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center Uniform Data Set, and categorized based on self-reported lifetime TBI with loss of consciousness (LOC) (TBI+ vs. TBI−) and presence of Apoe4. ANCOVAs, controlling for gender, race, and education were used to examine the association between history of TBI, presence of Apoe4, and an interaction of both risk factors on estimated age of AD onset.Results: Estimated AD onset differed by TBI history and Apoe4 independently (p’s < .001). The TBI+ group had a mean age of onset 2.5 years earlier than the TBI− group. Likewise, Apoe4 carriers had a mean age of onset 2.3 years earlier than non-carriers. While the interaction was non-significant (p = .34), participants having both a history of TBI and Apoe4 had the earliest mean age of onset compared to those with a TBI history or Apoe4 alone (MDifference = 2.8 and 2.7 years, respectively). These results remained unchanged when stratified by gender.Conclusions: History of self-reported TBI can be associated with an earlier onset of AD-related cognitive decline, regardless of Apoe4 status and gender. TBI may be related to an underlying neurodegenerative process in AD, but the implications of age at time of injury, severity, and repetitive injuries remain unclear.
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Numerous population-based studies demonstrate that head injury during adulthood increases the risk of AD later in life.
“First, numerous population-based studies demonstrate that head injury during adulthood increases the risk of AD later in life (12–19)”
From The Inflammatory Continuum of Traumatic Brain Injury and Alzheimer’s Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [15]
The introductory passage indexed under Abstract > Conclusions reports increased later AD risk following TBI in several case-control, meta-analytic, and chart-review studies. It also says not all studies support the association. The source therefore supports an association, but not the stronger claim that numerous population-based studies demonstrate increased risk after head injury during adulthood. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong people with a traumatic brain injury history who develop Alzheimer's, onset occurs at a younger age than among those without such a history.
“Studies have also found that people with a history of TBI who develop Alzheimer's do so at a younger age than those without a history of TBI.186,187”
From 2023 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2023) · cites this paper as [186]
People with a history of TBI who develop dementia do so at a younger age than those without a history of TBI.
“In addition, studies have found that people with a history of TBI who develop dementia do so at a younger age than those without a history of TBI.”
From 2024 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures (2024) · cites this paper as [200]
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References 52 · Cited by 90
- Authors
- LoBue, C., Wadsworth, H., Wilmoth, K., Clem, M., Hart, J., Womack, K. B., Didehbani, N., Lacritz, L. H., Rossetti, H. C., & Cullum, C. M.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- Corresponding author
- LoBue, Christian
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Clinical Neuropsychologist
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2016-11-18
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 85-98
- ISSN
- 0920-1637 (ISSN-L)
- 1385-4046
- 1744-4144
- PMC
- PMC5224912
- OpenAlex
- W2552566442
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9
- FWCI
- 7.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Clinical Neuropsychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (P30 AG010161, P50 AG005681, P50 AG033514, P30 AG019610, P30 AG013846, P50 AG008702, P50 AG025688, P30 AG010133, P50 AG005146, P50 AG005134, P50 AG016574, P50 AG005138, P30 AG008051, P30 AG008017, U01 AG032984, P30 AG010129, P50 AG016573, P50 AG016570, P50 AG005131, P50 AG023501, P30 AG035982, P30 AG028383, P30 AG010124, P50 AG005133, P50 AG005142, P30 AG012300, P50 AG005136)
- NIH/NIA (U01 AG016976, P3012300-19)
- National Institute of Health/National Institute of Aging (P3012300-19)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, age of onset, APOE ε4, loss of consciousness, cognitive decline, neurodegeneration, risk factors, gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Databases, Factual, Age of Onset, Self Report
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