The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Smoking topography: Reliability and validity in dependent smokers
Abstract
Data from two studies were analyzed to determine whether smoking through the mouthpiece of a topography unit yields consistent measures over time and to verify that smoking through a mouthpiece results in a similar degree of smoke exposure as conventional smoking. In both studies, subjects smoked their usual brand of cigarette ad libitum. In study A, subjects (n=7) smoked through a mouthpiece on 4 separate experimental days. In study B, subjects (n=10) smoked on 2 separate days: Once conventionally and once through a mouthpiece. In both studies, exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and physiological effects (heart rate and blood pressure) were measured before and after smoking. In study B, plasma nicotine concentrations also were measured. In study A, puff volume, puff duration, interpuff interval, and maximum puff velocity averaged 30.8 ml,.9 s, 19.9 s, and 44.6 ml/s, respectively. Intraclass correlation coefficients computed for puff volume (0.66), puff duration (0.75), and maximum puff velocity (0.68) indicated that these measures showed good reliability. In study B, smoking through the mouthpiece yielded similar topographical (time to smoke and number of puffs per cigarette) measures as conventional smoking. Also similar were changes in biochemical values: Plasma nicotine (18.5 ng/ml vs. 25.5 ng/ml), exhaled CO (4.6 ppm vs. 5.1 ppm), and heart rate (8.6 beats/min vs. 7.4 beats/min) for conventional and topography mouthpiece smoking conditions, respectively. Topography measures did not differ significantly between the two studies. Overall, the data from these two small-sample studies suggest that smoking topography provides a valid and reliable index of conventional smoking and an indirect measure of smoke exposure.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, smoking topography (i.e. the frequency and duration of puffs) is also a reliable and valid index of changes in smoking behaviour (Lee et al. 2003).”
From Mindfulness, Acceptance and Defusion Strategies in Smokers: A Systematic Review of Laboratory Studies (2018) · cites this paper as Lee et al. 2003
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–134 of 134
Negative urgency and ad-libitum smoking topography
Borges, A. M., Leyro, T. M., Rosen, R., Zvolensky, M. J., & Farris, S. G. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.04.021 · Cited by 7
“Puff topography measured via the CReSS is also associated with biochemical measures of smoking including plasma nicotine, exhaled carbon monoxide, and heart rate (Lee et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodOren, E., Pulvers, K. M., Romero, D. R., Barber, C. A., Carter, E., Tracy, L. A., & Novotny, T. E. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/19603 · Cited by 7
Reduced Nicotine Content Cigarettes and Cannabis Use in Vulnerable Populations
Parker, M. A., Streck, J. M., Bergeria, C. L., et al. (2018) · Tobacco Regulatory Science · doi:10.18001/trs.4.5.8 · Cited by 6
Belsare, P. V., Senyurek, V. Y., Imtiaz, M. H., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871589 · Cited by 5
DeepPuff: Utilizing Deep Learning for Smoking Behavior Identification in Free-living Environment
Belsare, P. V., Senyurek, V. Y., Imtiaz, M. H., Tiffany, S. T., & Sazonov, E. E. (2023) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340528 · Cited by 6
Sankaranarayanan, A., & Castle, D. J. (2016) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856216646232 · Cited by 5
Koszowski, B. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000179 · Cited by 4
“Methods for measuring smoking topography are similar to those described in previous publications [17-19].”
ResultRats choose high doses of nicotine in order to compensate for changes in its price and availability
Holmes, N. M., Pan, J., Davis, A., Panayi, M. C., & Clemens, K. J. (2018) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12637 · Cited by 4
“Similarly, small decreases in the nicotine content of cigarettes leads to increases in puff duration, puff frequency, inhalation depth and number of cigarettes (Kozlowski et al. 2000; Lee et al. 2003; Blank et al. 2009; Macqueen et al. 2012).”
BackgroundRomero, D. R., Pulvers, K. M., Carter, E., Barber, C. A., Satybaldiyeva, N., Novotny, T. E., & Oren, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182211857 · Cited by 4
“utilizing the CReSS device [9,10], the direct and indirect observations of ST measurements do not differ based on a participant’s subjective use of the device [1,2,11].”
MethodCigarette filter ventilation, smoking topography, and subjective effects: A mediational analysis
Diaz, D., Luo, X., Hatsukami, D. K., et al. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109683 · Cited by 4
Relationship between negative affect and smoking topography in heavy drinking smokers
Green, R., Bujarski, S., Roche, D. J. O., & Ray, L. A. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.05.016 · Cited by 4
["How does smoker really smoke?"--preliminary report on smoking topography among Polish smokers].
Czogała, J., Goniewicz, M. L., Czubek, A., et al. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Khat Chewing Topography: An Exploratory Study of Its Constituents and Contextual Factors
Olani, A. B. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2460978 · Cited by 2
“A smoking topography, defined as “the measurement of how one uses a tobacco prod-uct” (Noel, 2021), is measured by “puff volume, maximum puff velocity, inter puff interval, puff duration, number of puffs per cigarette, and the time to smoke a single cigarette” (Lee et al., 2003).”
Pack, E. C., Kim, H. S., Lee, S. H., et al. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109434 · Cited by 2
Comparison of Methods of Measuring Electronic Cigarette Puff Topography
Felicione, N. J. (2017) · doi:10.33915/etd.5586 · Cited by 2
Switching people who smoke to unfiltered cigarettes: Effects on smoking topography
Romero, D. R., Appolon, G., Novotny, T. E., et al. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2024.100548 · Cited by 1
“Measures of puffing patterns, or smoking topography (ST), capture behavioral characteristics and adaptations of cigarette smoking (Blank, Disharoon, & Eissenberg, 2009; Lee, Malson, Waters, Moolchan, & Pickworth, 2003; De Jesus, Hsin, Faulkner, & Prapavessis, 2015).”
BackgroundBenam, K. H. (2024) · Communications Engineering · doi:10.1038/s44172-024-00276-3 · Cited by 2
“…characteristic patternsofpuffdurations,puffvolumes,andinter-puffintervals(referredto asvapingtopography) combined with breathing mechanics, resulting in dynamic exposure to EC aerosols under conditions of inhale-exhale air fl ow that apply horizontal shear forces across the airway epithelium 59,60 .”
The effect of an acute bout of exercise on smoking topography
Schneider, T. (2012) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 1
Comparing smoking topography of usual brand cigarettes in pregnant and non-pregnant women
Bergeria, C. L., Heil, S. H., Sigmon, S. C., Durand, H., & Higgins, S. T. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.067 · Cited by 1
The Process of Cigarette Smoking
Wang, J., & Wang, X. L. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9783527635320.ch3 · Cited by 1
Smoking topography and the assessment of exposure to cigarette smoke compounds
Pauwels, C. (2021) · doi:10.26481/dis.20211004cp · Cited by 1
The Restorative Effects of Smoking upon Self-Control Resources
Heckman, B. W. (2010) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida)
Effects of a body image manipulation on smoking motivation
Khoury, L., & Nicole, E. (2007)
RIGID AND FLEXIBLE STYLES OF SMOKING RESTRAINT
Scharf, D. M. (2009) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Adolescent Smoking Topography over Time
Giedgowd, G. E. (2014) · Figshare
Mackowick, M. K. (2014) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Examining The Malleability Of Cigarette Product Preference
Davis, D. R. (2019) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Investigating Tobacco Withdrawal In Opioid-Maintained Smokers And Smokers With Other Vulnerabilities
Streck, J. M. (2020) · ScholarWorks -A service of University of Vermont Libraries (University of Vermont)
Oren, E., Pulvers, K. M., Romero, D. R., et al. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-17488/v1
“Smoking topography Behavioral adaptations are measured by smoking topography, including puff number/cigarette, average duration (sec), average inter-puff interval (sec), average flow rate (mL/s), and average and total volume (mL) (19).”
BackgroundZuo, Y., Rose, J. E., Davis, J. M., Behrens, K. A., Golaub, A. A., Chandra, U. U., Aarons, E. K., Morgan, J. D., & Mukhin, A. G. (2024) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntae075
Anderson, L. M. (2005) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/dsdd-zz06
“These parameters were chosen as they were similar to the average of the most commonly used parameters in smoking studies (Lee et al., 2003).”
BackgroundMethodHendriks, M. G., Pauwels, C., Conklin, D. J., et al. (2026) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5c00480
Metadata
- Authors
- Pickworth, W., Lee, E., Malson, J., Moolchan, E., & Waters, A.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pickworth, Wallace
- Venue
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-10-01
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 673-679
- ISSN
- 1462-2203 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-994X
- OpenAlex
- W2034220105
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nicotine & Tobacco Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P50CA084718, P50-CA84718)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- smoking topography, cigarette smoking, puff volume, puff duration, exhaled carbon monoxide, plasma nicotine, heart rate, blood pressure, smoke exposure, reliability statistics, validity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure, Carbon Monoxide, Equipment Design, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, Sensitivity and Specificity, Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder, Reproducibility of Results
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
