The DOI matches its Crossref record; 68 of the 68 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
When Veterans Return: The Role of Community in Reintegration
Abstract
Experiences of Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans were explored to understand the challenges of reintegrating into civilian life and the impact on mental health. Respondents completed preliminary electronic surveys and participated in one of six focus groups. High levels of distress exist among veterans who are caught between military and civilian cultures, feeling alienated from family and friends, and experiencing a crisis of identity. Narrative is identified as a means of resolution. Recommendations include development of social support and transition groups; military cultural competence training for clinicians, social workers, and college counselors; and further research to identify paths to successful reintegration into society.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“For more than a decade there has been recognition that military-civilian reintegration and adjustment encompasses more than practical challenges and includes social, psychological, and cultural factors [20–27].”
From Feasibility, acceptability, and initial outcomes of a psychological adjustment and reintegration program for transitioned military veterans (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
Lincoln, Y. S., Guba, E. G., & Pilotta, J. J. (1985) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(85)90062-8 · Cited by 45,787
The Interpretation of Cultures
Fenn, R. K., & Geertz, C. (1974) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384392 · Cited by 19,241
The Interpretation of Cultures
Dadze-Arthur, A. F. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912128310 · Cited by 16,510
(1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,835
Meta-analysis of risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed adults
Brewin, C. R., Andrews, B., & Valentine, J. D. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.5.748 · Cited by 5,243
van Gennep, A., Vizedom, M. B., & Caffee, G. L. (1961) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315017594 · Cited by 4,043
Essentials of Behavioral Research: Methods and Data Analysis
Rosenthal, R., & Rosnow, R. L. (1984) · Cited by 3,925
(1992) · Cited by 3,325
(1986) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,441
Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society
Fernández, J. W., & Turner, V. W. (1975) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.2307/1384743 · Cited by 2,058
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Bruner J., 1987, Social Research, 54, 11
- 2010, U.S. casualty status
- McAdams D. P., 1993, The stories we live by: Personal myths and the making of the self
- Miles D., 2004, Stress levels high among service members: Some red flags raised
- Tick E., 2005, War and the soul: Healing our nation's veterans from post–traumatic stress disorder
- Westwood M., 2002, Canadian Journal of Counselling, 36, 221
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 246
McDaniel, J., Mayer, A., Mcdermott, R. J., Albright, D., Lee, H., & Harara, E. (2019) · Housing and Society · doi:10.1080/08882746.2019.1668224 · Cited by 6
Keeling, M. (2024) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-0718-0011 · Cited by 6
Kerr, N. C., Lane, S. J., Plotnikoff, R. C., & Ashby, S. (2023) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2023.2246133 · Cited by 6
Wadham, B., & Morris, D. (2019) · International perspectives on social policy, administration, and practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-30829-2_1 · Cited by 6
Advancing Research and Theory on Aging Military Veterans in a Relational Context
Monk, J. K., Proulx, C. M., Marini, C. M., & Fiori, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12378 · Cited by 7
Lawrence, K. A., Vogt, D. S., Nigam, S., Dugan, A. J., Slade, E., & Smith, B. N. (2021) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470211061347 · Cited by 6
Brown, B. A., Goodman, F. R., Pietrzak, R. H., & Rottenberg, J. A. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.003 · Cited by 6
Supporting Our Troops: Library Services and Support for Veterans
LeMire, S. (2017) · Public & Access Services Quarterly · doi:10.1080/15228959.2017.1319317 · Cited by 6
Chen, J. I., Osman, A., Freedenthal, S. L., & Gutierrez, P. M. (2019) · Archives of Suicide Research · doi:10.1080/13811118.2018.1563576 · Cited by 8
Kiernan, M. D., Rodrigues, M., Mann, E., Stretesky, P. B., & Defeyter, M. A. (2021) · BMJ Military Health · doi:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2020-001718 · Cited by 5
Clary, K. L., Habbal, M., Smith, D. C., & Fratila, I. (2021) · Cannabis · doi:10.26828/cannabis/2021.02.003 · Cited by 8
The Impact of Game Outcome on Affect of Military Wheelchair Basketball Players
Yeatts, P. E., Davis, R., Oh, J., & Hwang, G.-Y. (2019) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.2018-0164 · Cited by 6
Developing a benefits counseling website for Veterans using Motivational Interviewing techniques
Serowik, K. L., Ablondi, K. M., Black, A. C., & Rosen, M. I. (2014) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.03.019 · Cited by 6
Veteran Cultural Competence Training: Initial Effectiveness and National-Level Implementation
Geraci, J. C., Edwards, E. R., May, D., Halliday, T., Smith‐Isabell, N., El‐Meouchy, P., Lowell, S., Armstrong, N. J., Cantor, G., DeJesus, C., et al. (2023) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202100437 · Cited by 6
Morris, J., & Hanna, P. (2023) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v9i3.458 · Cited by 6
Concept of Military Identity in Modern Sociology
Bataeva, E. V., & Artemenko, A. B. (2018) · Visnyk V N Karazin Kharkiv National University Series Sociological studies of contemporary society methodology theory methods · doi:10.26565/2227-6521-2018-40-03 · Cited by 5
Identifying contextual factors that impact community reintegration in injured female Veterans
Griffiths, H. K., Hawkins, B. L., & Crowe, B. M. (2020) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2018-0043 · Cited by 5
Retaining Military Veterans in the Civilian Workforce
LePage, P. (2020) · Muma Business Review · doi:10.28945/4584 · Cited by 5
Staying the Course: Strategies for Australian Student Veterans in Transition
Wadham, B., Andrewartha, L., Takarangi, M. K. T., Harvey, A., West, B., Wyatt-Smith, M., Davis, J., & Moeck, E. K. (2022) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v8i3.357 · Cited by 5
Perceived family impact of volunteering among reintegrating post-9/11 Veterans
Lawrence, K. A., & Matthieu, M. M. (2017) · Journal of Family Social Work · doi:10.1080/10522158.2017.1408513 · Cited by 5
Working with veterans and military families: An assessment of professional competencies.
Leppma, M., Taylor, J. M., Spero, R. A., Leonard, J. M., Foster, M. N., & Daniels, J. A. (2016) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/pro0000059 · Cited by 5
Mindfulness Strategies: Supporting Military Parents During Reintegration
Gliske, K., Richmond, A., Smischney, T., & Borden, L. M. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01156-0 · Cited by 6
Military veterans bring many positives — and some needs — into teaching
Parham, J. N., & Gordon, S. P. (2016) · Phi Delta Kappan · doi:10.1177/0031721716641648 · Cited by 4
Shared Sense of Purpose and Well-Being among Veterans and Non-Veterans
Lynn, B. M.-D. (2014) · NCSU Libraries Repository (North Carolina State University Libraries) · Cited by 4
Bartee, R. L., & Dooley, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v5i1.122 · Cited by 4
Exploring veteran entrepreneurship in Nigeria
Ojo, S. (2022) · Journal of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy · doi:10.1108/jec-10-2021-0148 · Cited by 4
Spikol, E., Ross, J., McGlinchey, E., & Armour, C. (2022) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x221112963 · Cited by 10
Agbedahin, K. (2018) · African Security Review · doi:10.1080/10246029.2018.1524776 · Cited by 4
Nieto, V., Arnett, M., & Furgeson, D. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Veteran Mental Health and Employment: The Nexus and Beyond
Nelson, C. B., Abraham, K. M., Miller, E. M., Kees, M. R., Walters, H., Valenstein, M. M., & Zivin, K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-21488-7_13 · Cited by 4
Women in the National Guard: Coping and Barriers to Care
Maung, J., Nilsson, J. E., Berkel, L. A., & Kelly, P. J. (2017) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12118 · Cited by 4
Loneliness after service veteran loneliness and exclusion by veterans and nonveterans in Cyberball
Morton, D. J., Mobbs, M. C., & Bonanno, G. A. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.06.014 · Cited by 3
Student Veteran Occupational Transitions in Postsecondary Education:A Grounded Theory
Gregg, B. T., Shordike, A., Howell, D., Kitzman, P. H., & Iwama, M. K. (2017) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2017.1333063 · Cited by 3
A Different Take on the Liminal Process of Veterans Reintegration in Cultural Psychology
Tophøj, F., & Tøffner-Clausen, N. (2018) · Human Arenas · doi:10.1007/s42087-018-0019-5 · Cited by 3
Monk, J. K., Ruhlmann, L. M., Goff, B. S. N., Ogan, M. A., & Miller, M. B. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12724 · Cited by 3
Transitioning from Military Service Member to Veteran
Rivas, W. A., Kintzle, S. M., & Castro, C. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-18009-5_1 · Cited by 4
From able-bodied soldier to disabled veteran: moral striving among Danish wounded veterans
Krause, E. G., & Svendsen, M. N. (2023) · Critical Military Studies · doi:10.1080/23337486.2023.2244840 · Cited by 3
Easing the journey home: creating sanctuary for military veterans
Esaki, N., Yanosy, S. M., Randolph, Z. D., & Benamati, J. (2019) · Journal of Social Work Practice · doi:10.1080/02650533.2019.1665001 · Cited by 3
Edge, H. M., Lee, J. E. C., & Dursun, S. (2022) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2021.2007183 · Cited by 3
Atuel, H. R., & Castro, C. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2025.1500774 · Cited by 3
Heward, C., & Li, W. W. (2026) · Methods in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.metip.2026.100227 · Cited by 2
Melnyk, A., & Mushkevych, V. (2020) · Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia · doi:10.17951/j.2020.33.3.307-315 · Cited by 2
Cassidy, S. P., & Albanesi, H. P. (2021) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x211063920 · Cited by 2
Veteran Identity (Perceptions) in Higher Education: A Veteran/Scholar/Advocate’s Story
Hunniecutt, J. R. (2022) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v8i2.389 · Cited by 2
An opportunity to stay connected: documenting personal communication records of military personnel
Martell, A. A., & Benoit, E. (2024) · Archival Science · doi:10.1007/s10502-024-09445-x · Cited by 2
Development of a Medical Release Transition Framework
Lee, J. E. C., Watkins, K., & Dursun, S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815312-3.00007-3 · Cited by 2
Investigating Entrepreneurship Among Nigerian Retired Military Veterans
Ojo, S. (2021) · Advances in business strategy and competitive advantage book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-6655-8.ch007 · Cited by 2
Boots on the ground: examining transition factors for military and veteran student academic success
Williams-Klotz, D. N. (2015) · Iowa State University Digital Repository (Iowa State University) · doi:10.31274/etd-180810-3979 · Cited by 2
An Exploration of Transition Experiences Shaping Student Veteran Life Flow
Gregg, B. T., Shordike, A., Howell, D., Kitzman, P. H., & Iwama, M. K. (2017) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.2017.71s1-po3072 · Cited by 1
Shue, S. A., Do, A., & Brosmer, J. (2023) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2023.2221469 · Cited by 1
A Veteran’s Journey to Social Support: Bridging Connection through Community-Based Veterans Socials
Mack, J., Gorman, J. A., & Kamdar, N. P. (2023) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v9i3.444 · Cited by 1
Theorizing Post-Incarceration Transition Crisis and Readiness Through Veteran Identity Work
Arxer, S. L., LePage, J. P., Flake, J. D., Crawford, A. M., Hooshyar, D., Jeon‐Slaughter, H., & Philippe, M. A. (2023) · Illness Crisis & Loss · doi:10.1177/10541373231209508 · Cited by 1
Sachdev, S., & Dixit, S. (2025) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.70003 · Cited by 1
Burnell, K. J., & Everill, P. (2025) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v11i1.656 · Cited by 1
Polley, M. J., Tytherleigh, M. Y., Seers, H., Kent, C., & Sharpe, R. A. (2026) · BMJ Open Quality · doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2025-003842 · Cited by 1
Evaluating the impact of a pilot social prescribing service for the armed forces community
Schoultz, M., Boul, L., Senior, E., Swift, A., & Keirnan, M. D. (2026) · Primary Health Care Research & Development · doi:10.1017/s1463423626100875 · Cited by 1
Shani, A., Rosh, H. A., & Ellia, N. Y. (2026) · Leisure Studies · doi:10.1080/02614367.2026.2637505 · Cited by 1
Protsenko, S. A., Щирский, А. С., Цаплин, Е. В., & Гудиев, А. В. (2026) · Rossijskij voenno-psihologičeskij žurnal. · doi:10.25629/rmpj.2026.01.08 · Cited by 1
Mulligan, A., Lamrock, L., Hosseiny, F., Alves, J., Manteuffel, M., Haagen, J. F. G., Nazarov, A., Fossey, M. J., & Notarianni, M. (2026) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2025-0049 · Cited by 1
Online Training for Working with Student Veterans: A Social Work Elective Course
Selber, K., Biggs, M. J. G., Chavkin, N. F., & Wright, M. C. (2014) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v19i1.480 · Cited by 1
Veterans' perceptions of reintegration challenges and their most valuable social supports
Briggle, L. (2013) · Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research · Cited by 1
“One of Us”: Reframed Labels, Compassion and Hope in Voluntary Prison Work With Ex-Servicemen
Salt, K., & Kougiali, Z. G. (2022) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x221124838 · Cited by 1
Stewart, C., Muvuka, B., Hutwagner, W., McCollum, H., Dyer, W. K., & Ryan, E. R. (2023) · Journal of Regional Medical Campuses · doi:10.24926/jrmc.v6i3.5157 · Cited by 1
Красота, О. (2023) · THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ISSUES OF ECONOMICS · doi:10.17721/tppe.2023.47.8 · Cited by 1
Psycho-Social Variables regarding Military Reintegration
Baysinger, K. (2015) · UST Research Online (University of St. Thomas - Minnesota) · Cited by 1
Making debate more inclusive for the student-veteran debater
Sciullo, N. J. (2017) · Argumentation and Advocacy · doi:10.1080/00028533.2017.1305008 · Cited by 1
Ward, C. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2055-364120180000014005 · Cited by 1
Porter, K. E., Cochran, H. M., Richards, S. K. H., & Sexton, M. B. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800951-2.00046-7 · Cited by 2
Alcohol use and misuse: Perspectives from seldom heard voices
Le, T. H., Foster, A. M., Crane, P. R., & Talley, A. E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816720-5.00001-3 · Cited by 1
Monfort, E., Tréhel, G., & Afzali, M. H. (2018) · Hermann eBooks · doi:10.3917/herm.baech.2018.06.0211 · Cited by 1
Influence of military identity on social adaptation of Ukrainian veterans
Bataeva, E. V., & Artemenko, A. B. (2021) · Ukrainian society · doi:10.15407/socium2021.03.054 · Cited by 1
VetStar: Justice-Involved Veterans Successful Mental Health Diversion
Gittner, K. B., Gittner, L. S., Dennis, J. A., & Matheny, L. M. (2022) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v8i1.246 · Cited by 1
My Veteran Identity (Crisis): Suicides and Reintegration
Hunniecutt, J. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93754-6_2 · Cited by 1
Building Veteran Healthy Communities Project: Serving Those Who Have Served Us
Taheri, C., Nette, P. A., & Upshaw, V. M. (2023) · North Carolina Medical Journal · doi:10.18043/001c.89218 · Cited by 1
Exploring Critical Success Factors of the Redesigned Military Transitioning Program
Edwards, G. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1
A Mobile Health Approach to Assist Veterans Reintegrating into Civilian Life
Rizia, R. (2016) · e-Publications@Marquette (Marquette University) · Cited by 1
Kyle, C. (2018) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) · Cited by 1
Military service and elite para ice hockey : a case study of American paralympians' sports paths
Ott, K. (2020) · Jyväskylä University Digital Archive (University of Jyväskylä) · Cited by 1
An Investigation of the Temporal Relationship between Agitation and Sleep Disturbances
Denning, E. C. (2000) · doi:10.15760/etd.7457 · Cited by 1
Success Factors of Veteran-Owned Small Businesses
Chamberland, K. J. (2015) · ScholarWorks (Walden University) · Cited by 1
Partial minds: The strategic underrepresentation of consciousness in postwar American novels
Shank, N. (2015) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky)
AN EXPLORATION OF TRANSITION EXPERIENCES SHAPING STUDENT VETERAN LIFE FLOW
Gregg, B. T. (2016) · UKnowledge (University of Kentucky) · doi:10.13023/etd.2016.143
College Persistence: Young Military Veterans with PTSD
Butler, R. M. (2016) · Fisher Digital Publications (St. John Fisher College)
Integrative Leadership in Higher Education: Meeting the Needs of Student Veterans.
Earls, J. E. (2015) · ProQuest LLC eBooks
Meikle, N. J. (2017) · UVic’s Research and Learning Repository (University of Victoria)
Social Networks as Mediators of Proximal Recovery Outcomes for Veterans Living in Recovery Homes
Guerrero, M. (2019) · Digital Commons-DePaul (DePaul University)
Fullerton, A. (2020) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Remnants of Civil Life and Civil Potential in Post-civil War Settings
Pukallus, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86190-2_3
GAZİLER VE ORDUDA SOSYAL HİZMET UYGULAMALARI
Peker, F., & Özbesler, C. (2021) · Tıbbi Sosyal Hizmet Dergisi · doi:10.46218/tshd.1002289
Hunniecutt, J. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93754-6_7
Writing Through Layers of Veteran Liminality
Hunniecutt, J. R. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93754-6_3
Söderström, J. (2020) · Manchester University Press eBooks · doi:10.7765/9781526144904.00013
Scoglio, A. A. J. (2021) · doi:10.17760/d20405644
Metadata
- Authors
- Demers, A.
- Affiliations
- San Jose State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Demers, Anne
- Venue
- Journal of Loss and Trauma
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-03-24
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160-179
- ISSN
- 1532-5024 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5032
- OpenAlex
- W1964688603
- Cited by
- 246
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 27.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Loss and Trauma (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education and Military Integration
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
- Keywords
- veterans, reintegration into civilian life, Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, mental health, social alienation, identity crisis, social support, narrative, post-traumatic stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review