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Factors Associated with the Psychological Health of Grandparents as Primary Caregivers: An Analysis of Gender Differences
Abstract
Recent evidence documents that grandparents raising grandchildren face a great risk of psychological distress associated with this caregiver role. Information we know about grandparent caregivers heavily relies on grandmothers. Although the caregiver's gender is an important contextual factor in shaping the stress process, often unnoticed are grandfathers who assume the caregiving responsibility for their grandchildren. Guided by the Caregiver Stress Process model, this study examines common and differential factors associated with the psychological health of grandfathers and grandmothers living with their grandchildren without the parents of the child. Based on the National Survey of America's Families, data on 209 grandfathers and 1,781 grandmothers were analyzed. Results indicate that factors related to a lower level of the psychological health of grandmothers include their younger age, poor health, not having high school diploma, not being employed, living in poverty, and caring for grandchildren with severe behavioral problems. On the contrary, factors associated with the poor psychological health of grandfathers include their living without a spouse, poor health, and caring for very young grandchildren (under the age of five) or grandchildren with severe behavioral problems. Active social participation (volunteer activities and religious services attendance) is directly associated with better psychological health only for grandmothers. Findings suggest that social polic…
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“whereas the grandfather caregivers’ mental health is more impacted by living with a spouse (Park, 2009).”
From Grandparent Caregiving and Epigenetic Aging among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Park, 2009
In the citing paper
“Gendered caregiving expectations may heighten stress for grandfathers, while women’s generally slower epigenetic aging may buffer effects (Crimmins et al., 2021; Park, 2009).”
From Grandparent Caregiving and Epigenetic Aging among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Park, 2009
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“Additionally, due to socialized gendered caregiving expectations, grandmother caregivers may overestimate levels of external support compared to grandfather caregivers (Park, 2009).”
From Grandparent Caregiving and Epigenetic Aging among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Park, 2009
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“Grandfather caregivers with high partner and family support may receive more assistance in caregiving tasks compared to grandmother caregivers (Park, 2009).”
From Grandparent Caregiving and Epigenetic Aging among Midlife and Older Adults in the United States (2026) · cites this paper as Park, 2009
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References 38 · Cited by 31
Research works printed but not linked: 35
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Metadata
- Authors
- Park, H.-O. H.
- Affiliations
- Kangnam University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Hwa-Ok Hannah
- ORCID
- Park, Hwa-Ok Hannah
- Venue
- Journal of Intergenerational Relationships
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-06-08
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 191-208
- ISSN
- 1535-0770 (ISSN-L)
- 1535-0932
- OpenAlex
- W2105572780
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Intergenerational Relationships (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Support in Illness
- Keywords
- grandparent caregivers, grandparents raising grandchildren, mental health, caregiver stress, gender differences, grandfathers, grandmother, social participation (health and rehabilitation), volunteering, religious service attendance, poverty, single-person households, National Survey of America's Families
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