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One Size Does Not Fit All: Traditional Lockdown Versus Multioption Responses to School Shootings
Abstract
Two paradigms inform responses to active shooting situations: a traditional lockdown approach where individuals find cover in a classroom and lock the door, and a multi-option approach where individuals evacuate the area, create barricades, and, in last resort situations, actively resist the gunman. While a majority of schools conduct active shooter drills, typically using a traditional lockdown approach, little is known about their effectiveness. Through simulations, this study sought to determine which of the two paradigms that inform active shooter drills is the most effective. Drills informed by the multi-option response paradigm were found to end more quickly and result in fewer people being shot.
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There is a lack of strong evidence that school shooter drills save lives.
“This research, paired with the lack of strong evidence that drills save lives”
From Impacts of school shooter drills on the psychological well-being of American K-12 school communities: a social media study (2021) · cites this paper as Jonson et al., 2020
Ethical limitations and low base rates of active-shooter incidents in schools make it particularly difficult to study lives saved by implementing drills.
“Ethical limitations and (fortunately) low base rates of active-shooter incidents in schools make it particularly dif fi cult to study lives saved by implementing drills (Jonson et al., 2020).”
From Impacts of school shooter drills on the psychological well-being of American K-12 school communities: a social media study (2021) · cites this paper as Jonson et al., 2020
Citations
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References 5 · Cited by 54
Research works printed but not linked: 10
- ALERRT Center, 2004, Avoid, deny, defend
- ALICE Training Institute, 2018, ALICE: An easy to remember acronym
- Blair J. P., 2014, A study of active shooter incidents, 2000-2013
- Dorn M., 2018, Security Management, 62, 32
- Erikson, W. H. (2001). The report of Governor Bill Owens’ Columbine Review Commission. Denver, CO: State of Colorado Governor’s Office.
- Hendry J. A., 2017, The origin of lockdown: Enduring questions and one man’s journey to discover where lockdown came from
- New York City Police Department, 2016, Active shooter: Recommendations and analysis for risk mitigation
- Sandy Hook Advisory Commission, 2015, Final report of the Sandy Hook Advisory Commission
- TriData, Division, System Planning Corporation, 2009, Mass shootings at Virginia Tech: Addendum to the report of the review panel
- U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2008, Active shooter: How to respond
Metadata
- Authors
- Jonson, C. L., Moon, M. M., & Hendry, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Xavier University (US)
- Northern Kentucky University (US)
- State Innovation Exchange (US)
- Corresponding author
- Jonson, Cheryl Lero
- ORCID
- Jonson, Cheryl Lero
- Venue
- Journal of School Violence
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-12-26
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 154-166
- ISSN
- 1538-8220 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-8239
- OpenAlex
- W2906436365
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 6.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of School Violence (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Northern Kentucky University College of Arts and Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Gun Ownership and Violence Research
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Education, Safety, and Science Studies
- Keywords
- school shootings, active shooter response, evacuation, active resistance, school safety
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