Cited by 207Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchPsychotherapy Techniques and ApplicationsSleep and related disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 49 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

A meta-analytic review of cognitive processing therapy for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder

Open access

Asmundson, Gordon J. G., Thorisdottir, Audur S., Roden-Foreman, Jacob W., Baird, Scarlett O., Witcraft, Sara M., Stein, Aliza T., Smits, Jasper A. J., Powers, Mark B·2019·Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

DOI 10.1080/16506073.2018.1522371

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Numerous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of cognitive processing therapy (CPT) for treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Two prior meta-analyses of studies are available but used approaches that limit conclusions that can be drawn regarding the impact of CPT on PTSD outcomes. The current meta-analysis reviewed outcomes of trials that tested the efficacy of CPT for PTSD in adults and evaluated potential moderators of outcomes. All published trials comparing CPT against an inactive control condition (i.e. psychological placebo or wait-list) or other active treatment for PTSD in adults were included, resulting in 11 studies with a total of 1130 participants. CPT outperformed inactive control conditions on PTSD outcome measures at posttreatment (mean Hedges' g = 1.24) and follow-up (mean Hedges' g = 0.90). The average CPT-treated participant fared better than 89% of those in inactive control conditions at posttreatment and 82% at follow-up. Results also showed that CPT outperformed inactive control conditions on non-PTSD outcome measures at posttreatment and follow-up and that CPT outperformed other active treatments at posttreatment but not at follow-up. Effect sizes of CPT on PTSD symptoms were not significantly moderated by participant age, number of treatment sessions, total sample size, length of follow-up, or group versus individual treatment; but, older studies had larger effect sizes and percent female sex moderated the effect of CPT on non-PTSD outcomes. These meta-analytic findings indicate that CPT is an effective PTSD treatment with lasting benefits across a range of outcomes.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/16506073.2018.1522371

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.).
Lachenbruch, P. A., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2290095 · Cited by 37,421
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 · Cited by 17,582
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2009) · doi:10.1002/9780470743386 · Cited by 14,225
Book Reviews: Statistical Methods for Meta-Analysis Larry V. Hedges and Ingram Olkin New York: Academic Press, 1985. xxii + 369 pp
Wasserman, S. S., Hedges, L. V., & Olkin, I. (1988) · Journal of Educational Statistics · doi:10.2307/1164953 · Cited by 10,377
Introduction to Meta‐Analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799

Show all 48 references

Research works printed but not linked: 4

Borenstein M., 1999, Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis
10.1371/journal.pmed1000097 · DOI
10.1037//0022-006x.70.4.867 · DOI · Paper page
The US Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense, 2017, VA/DOD clinical practice guideline for the management of posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder

Sorted by citations

People of color in North America report improvements in racial trauma and mental health symptoms following psychedelic experiences
Williams, M. T., Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., Sepeda, N. D., Grigas, P. C., Sinnott, S., & Haeny, A. M. (2021) · Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1080/09687637.2020.1854688 · Cited by 101
“There is a well-known connection between anger and depression and given the powerlessness many BIPOC feel in the face of racist experiences, it is not surprising that the anger and helplessness could manifest as depression (e.g. Atkins, 2015; Gerrard et al., 2018; Simons et al., 2006).”
Background
A research programme to evaluate DBT-PTSD, a modular treatment approach for Complex PTSD after childhood abuse
Bohus, M., Schmahl, C. G., Fydrich, T., Steil, R., Müller‐Engelmann, M., Herzog, J., Ludäscher, P., Kleindienst, N., & Priebe, K. (2019) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-019-0099-y · Cited by 103
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Body Dysmorphic Symptoms: A Meta-Analysis
Longobardi, C., Badenes-Ribera, L., & Fabris, M. A. (2022) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.01.003 · Cited by 86
Trauma‐focused psychotherapies for post‐traumatic stress disorder: A systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Jericho, B., Luo, A., & Berle, D. (2021) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13366 · Cited by 95
Comparative effectiveness of psychotherapies in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Yunitri, N., Chu, H., Kang, X. L., Wiratama, B. S., Lee, T., Chang, L., Liu, D., Kustanti, C. Y., Chiang, K., Chen, R., et al. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003737 · Cited by 77
“We also conducted a manual search through Google Scholar and references from previous meta-analyses and/or systematic reviews (Asmundson et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2015; Forman-Hoffman et al., 2018; Lely, Smid, Jongedijk, Knipscheer, & Kleber, 2019; Lenz & Hollenbaugh, 2015; Mavranezouli et al.,…”
Method
Increases in Psychological Flexibility Mediate Relationship Between Acute Psychedelic Effects and Decreases in Racial Trauma Symptoms Among People of Color
Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., Sepeda, N. D., Garcia-Romeu, A., & Williams, M. T. (2021) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470211035607 · Cited by 67
The Roadmap for Resilience: The California Surgeon General's Report on Adverse Childhood Experiences, Toxic Stress, and Health
Bhushan, D., Kotz, K. J., McCall, J., Wirtz, S., Gilgoff, R., Dube, S. R., Powers, C., Olson-Morgan, J., Galeste, M., Patterson, K., et al. (2020) · doi:10.48019/peam8812 · Cited by 79
Examining patterns of dose response for clients who do and do not complete cognitive processing therapy
Holmes, S. C., Johnson, C. M., Suvak, M. K., Sijercic, I., Monson, C. M., & Stirman, S. W. (2019) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2019.102120 · Cited by 63
More is not always better: 2 weeks of intensive cognitive processing therapy-based treatment are noninferior to 3 weeks.
Held, P., Smith, D. L., Pridgen, S., Coleman, J. A., & Klassen, B. J. (2022) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001257 · Cited by 51
Study quality and efficacy of psychological interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Nexhmedin Morina, B., Hoppen, T. H., & Kip, A. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001641 · Cited by 44
“Finally, we reviewed the relevant meta-analyses on the efficacy of psychological interventions for adult PTSD published since 2013 (Asmundson et al., 2019; Barawi, Lewis, Simon, & Bisson, 2020; Bisson, van Gelderen, Roberts, & Lewis, 2020; Carpenter et al., 2018; Cipriani et al., 2018; Coventry et al., 2020; Cusack et…”
PTSD: Past, present and future implications for China
Zhou, Y., Shang, Z., Zhang, F., Wu, L., Sun, L., Jia, Y., Yu, H., & Liu, W. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.04.011 · Cited by 43
“In 1871, Da Costa syndrome were used to describe the soldiers presented with dyspnoea, palpitations, sharp chest pain, fatigue, migraines, diarrhoea, vertigo and insomnia after participation in the American Civil War.17 From 1864 to 1916, a series labels were used to describe the symptoms that had similar characterist…”
BackgroundInfluential
Psychotherapy for the Treatment of Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Parkinson Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Hong, C., Tan, S., & Huang, T. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.03.031 · Cited by 42
State of the Science of Cognitive Processing Therapy
Resick, P. A., LoSavio, S. T., Monson, C. M., Kaysen, D. L., Wachen, J. S., Galovski, T. E., Stirman, S. W., Nixon, R. D. V., & Chard, K. M. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.04.003 · Cited by 40
Evidence‐based posttraumatic stress disorder treatment in a community sample: Military‐affiliated versus civilian patient outcomes
Jacoby, V. M., Straud, C. L., Bagley, J. M., Tyler, H. C., Baker, S. N., Denejkina, A., Sippel, L. M., Kaya, R., Rozek, D. C., Fina, B. A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22812 · Cited by 39
Effects of Psychedelic Use on Racial Trauma Symptoms and Ethnic Identity among Asians in North America
Ching, T. H. W., Davis, A. K., Xin, Y., & Williams, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2025960 · Cited by 38
Co-treatment of piracetam with risperidone rescued extinction deficits in experimental paradigms of post-traumatic stress disorder by restoring the physiological alterations in cortex and hippocampus
Uniyal, A., Singh, R., Akhtar, A., Bansal, Y., Kuhad, A., & Sah, S. P. (2019) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172763 · Cited by 31
The Effect of Therapeutic Alliance on Dropout in Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Sijercic, I., Liebman, R. E., Stirman, S. W., & Monson, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22676 · Cited by 37
Providing Psychological Services to Firefighters
Vujanovic, A. A., & Tran, J. K. (2021) · Journal of Health Service Psychology · doi:10.1007/s42843-021-00041-6 · Cited by 33
Which patients initiate cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure in department of veterans affairs PTSD clinics?
Rosen, C. S., Bernardy, N. C., Chard, K. M., Clothier, B. A., Cook, J. M., Crowley, J. J., Eftekhari, A., Kehle‐Forbes, S., Mohr, D. C., Noorbaloochi, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.003 · Cited by 29
“The effectiveness of CPT and PE have been well established (Asmundson et al., 2018; Powers et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethod
Narrative-based autobiographical memory interventions for PTSD: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Raeder, R., Clayton, N. S., & Boeckle, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1215225 · Cited by 31
Lost in Transition? Evidence-Based Treatments for Adolescents and Young Adults with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Results of an Uncontrolled Feasibility Trial Evaluating Cognitive Processing Therapy
Vogel, A., & Rosner, R. (2020) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-019-00305-0 · Cited by 25
Predicting response to Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD: A machine-learning approach
Nixon, R. D. V., King, M. W., Smith, B. N., Gradus, J. L., Resick, P. A., & Galovski, T. E. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103920 · Cited by 28
A Review of Trauma Specific Treatments (TSTs) for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Lee, E., Faber, J., & Bowles, K. H. (2021) · Clinical Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10615-021-00816-w · Cited by 33
Cognitive Processing Therapy: A Meta-analytic Review Among Veterans and Military Personnel with PTSD
Raines, A. M., Clauss, K. E., Schafer, K. M., Shapiro, M. O., Houtsma, C., Boffa, J. W., Ennis, C. R., O'Neil, M. E., & Franklin, C. L. (2023) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-023-10429-x · Cited by 24
“Consistent with previous research, age, gender, nor race moderated the effect of CPT on PTSD. Specifically, Asmundson et al. ( 2019) did not find a significant effect of race or sex on the extent to which CPT reduced PTSD symptoms, suggesting that CPT is broadly effective for veterans and military members across vario…”
Influential
Response of young patients with probable ICD-11 complex PTSD to treatment with developmentally adapted cognitive processing therapy
Eilers, R., Rimane, E., Vogel, A., Renneberg, B., Steil, R., & Rosner, R. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1929024 · Cited by 25
“While there is sufficient evidence of its efficacy in adults (Asmundson et al., 2019), results for young patients are sparse (for an overview see Vogel & Rosner, 2020).”
Background
A role for deficits in GABAergic neurosteroids and their metabolites with NMDA receptor antagonist activity in the pathophysiology of posttraumatic stress disorder
Rasmusson, A. M., Pineles, S. L., Brown, K. D., & Pinna, G. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13062 · Cited by 24
The Exoneree Health and Life Experiences (ExHaLE) study: Trauma exposure and mental health among wrongly convicted individuals.
Kukucka, J., Horodyski, A. M., & Dardis, C. M. (2022) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/law0000358 · Cited by 22
Seeking safety intervention for comorbid post‐traumatic stress and substance use disorder: A meta‐analysis
Sherman, A. D. F., Balthazar, M. S., Zhang, W., Febres‐Cordero, S., Clark, K. D., Klepper, M., Coleman, M., & Kelly, U. A. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2999 · Cited by 21
Efficacy of third wave cognitive behavioral therapies in the treatment of posttraumatic stress: A meta-analytic study
Benfer, N., Spitzer, E. G., & Bardeen, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102360 · Cited by 26
An Update on Psychotherapy for the Treatment of PTSD
ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Watkins, L. E. (2025) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.20250110 · Cited by 26
How Psychedelics Modulate Multiple Memory Mechanisms in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Doss, M. K., DeMarco, A., Dunsmoor, J. E., Cisler, J. M., Fonzo, G. A., & Nemeroff, C. B. (2024) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-024-02106-4 · Cited by 24
Interventions for addressing trauma among people with HIV: a narrative review
Goldhammer, H., Marc, L. G., Chavis, N. S., Psihopaidas, D., Massaquoi, M., Cahill, S., Nortrup, E., Rose, C. D., Meyers, J. A., Mayer, K. H., et al. (2021) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2021.1984382 · Cited by 19
Clinician Concerns About Cognitive Processing Therapy: A Review of the Evidence
LoSavio, S. T., Holder, N. D., Wells, S. Y., & Resick, P. A. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.08.005 · Cited by 19
Changes in pain and related health outcomes after cognitive processing therapy in an active duty military sample
Hass, N., Wachen, J. S., Straud, C. L., Checko, E. R., McGeary, D. D., McGeary, C. A., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., Young‐McCaughan, S., Yarvis, J. S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23143 · Cited by 17
Therapist Self-Efficacy in Delivering Cognitive Processing Therapy in a Randomized Controlled Implementation Trial
Pace, B. T., Song, J., Suvak, M. K., Shields, N., Monson, C. M., & Stirman, S. W. (2020) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2020.08.002 · Cited by 22
Nordic OCD & Related Disorders Consortium: Rationale, design, and methods
Mataix‐Cols, D., Hansen, B. K. A., Mattheisen, M., Karlsson, E. K., Addington, A. M., Boberg, J., Djurfeldt, D. R., Halvorsen, M., Lichtenstein, P., Solem, S., et al. (2019) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32756 · Cited by 16
A network analysis of two conceptual approaches to the etiology of PTSD
Benfer, N., Bardeen, J. R., Spitzer, E. G., & Rogers, T. A. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102479 · Cited by 16
“CPT is considered one of the gold standard treatment packages for treating PTSD, and the efficacy of CPT has been extensively studied (Asmundson et al., 2019; Monson et al., 2006; Resick, Nishith, Weaver, Astin, & Feuer, 2002).”
Background
PTSD and complex PTSD, current treatments and debates: a review of reviews
Billings, J., & Nicholls, H. (2025) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldaf015 · Cited by 15
“Specifically, Cognitive Processing Therapy [25, 27], Cognitive Therapy [25], and Prolonged Exposure [25] have been shown to be efficacious, with large effect sizes and good long-term outcomes [28].”
Comparative effectiveness of group v. individual trauma-focused treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans
Spiller, T. R., Duek, O. A., Buta, E., Gross, G. M., Smith, N. B., & Harpaz‐Rotem, I. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722001441 · Cited by 15
“Moreover, individual trauma-focused treatment did not only outperform non-trauma-focused treatment (Asmundson et al., 2019) but was also superior to grouptreatment in a head-to-head study (Resick et al.”
In Their Own Words: Veteran Experiences with Evidence-Based Treatments for PTSD in the Veterans Health Administration
Doran, J. M., O’Shea, M., & Harpaz‐Rotem, I. (2021) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-020-09861-z · Cited by 17
Anxiety and Related Disorders During the Perinatal Period
Fairbrother, N., Challacombe, F. L., Green, S. M., & O’Mahen, H. (2025) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081423-020126 · Cited by 20
Network Analysis of Neurobehavioral and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms One Year after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Veterans Affairs Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Study
Klyce, D. W., West, S. J., Perrin, P. B., Agtarap, S., Finn, J. A., Juengst, S. B., Dams-O’Connor, K., Eagye, C. B., Vargas, T. A., Joyce, S. C., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2021.0200 · Cited by 14
Pathways Linking Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder to Incident Ischemic Heart Disease in Women
Ebrahimi, R., Dennis, P., Shroyer, A., Tseng, C.-H., Alvarez, C. A., Beckham, J., & Sumner, J. A. (2023) · JACC: Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100744 · Cited by 14
Testing predictions from the memory and identity theory of ICD-11 complex posttraumatic stress disorder: Measurement development and initial findings
Hyland, P., Shevlin, M. E., Martsenkovskyi, D., Ben‐Ezra, M., & Brewin, C. R. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102898 · Cited by 13
“…is that successful engagement in existing therapies for PTSD that focus on reprocessing memories of the traumatic event, such as prolonged exposure therapy (McLean et al., 2022) or cognitive processing therapy (Asmundson et al., 2019), should have a positive impact on all elements of ICD-11 CPTSD.”
Background
Event centrality and post-traumatic stress symptoms among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: the roles of attention to negative information, catastrophizing, and rumination
Yang, X., Xu, Y., Tan, R., & Zhou, X. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2078563 · Cited by 13
Higher depression severity mediates the association of assault military sexual trauma and sexual function in partnered female service members/veterans
Blais, R. K., Livingston, W. S., & Fargo, J. D. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.072 · Cited by 13
“While several individual evidenced-based treatments for depression (see review, Hofmann et al., 2012) and PTSD (see meta-analyses, Asmundson et al., 2019; Foa et al., 2007) exist, none specifically target comorbid PTSD and depression.”
Background
Posttraumatic growth-oriented peer-based training among U.S. veterans: evaluation of post-intervention and long-term follow-up outcomes
Rhodes, J. R., Tedeschi, R. G., Moore, B. A., Alldredge, C. T., & Elkins, G. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1322837 · Cited by 23
Using machine learning to increase access to and engagement with trauma‐focused interventions for posttraumatic stress disorder
Lenton‐Brym, A. P., Collins, A., Lane, J. E. M., Busso, C., Ouyang, J., Fitzpatrick, S., Kuo, J. R., & Monson, C. M. (2024) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12468 · Cited by 17
“CPT is one of several well-validated EBPs for PTSD, and it is considered a gold-standard intervention for the disorder (Asmundson et al., 2019).”
Background
A Meta-Analysis of Interpersonal and Psychodynamic Psychotherapies for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Keefe, J. R., Kimmel, D., & Weitz, E. S. (2024) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.20230043 · Cited by 12
Adapting Evidence-Based Psychotherapies While Maintaining Fidelity
Bash, H. A. J. L., Galovski, T. E., & Stirman, S. W. (2019) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-019-00177-9 · Cited by 14
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy with Older Adults
Ishikawa, R. Z., & Mace, R. A. (2023) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29368-9_26 · Cited by 12
Suicide Risk Among Veterans Who Receive Evidence-Based Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Saulnier, K., Brabbs, S., Szymanski, B. R., Harpaz-Rotem, I., McCarthy, J. F., & Sripada, R. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.52144 · Cited by 11
Moving toward precision PTSD treatment: predicting veterans' intensive PTSD treatment response using continuously updating machine learning models
Smith, D. L., & Held, P. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722002689 · Cited by 13
“, 2008, 2015, 2017b) as well as clinical research (Asmundson et al., 2019; Held, Smith, Pridgen, Coleman, & Klassen, 2022c; Lloyd et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Targeting social connection in the context of Trauma: Functional outcomes and mechanisms of change
Smith, A. J., Pincus, D., & Ricca, B. (2023) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2023.04.008 · Cited by 11
A Call for Intervention Research to Reduce Event Centrality in Trauma-Exposed Individuals
Boals, A., Griffith, E., & Southard-Dobbs, S. (2020) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2020.1734744 · Cited by 13
Intensive Care Unit (ICU)-Related Post-traumatic Stress Disorder: A Literature Review
ABDELBAKY, A., & Eldelpshany, M. S. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.57049 · Cited by 16
“Previously, various studies have shown that cognitive therapy is an effective treatment option for PTSD [35].”
Background
It's about time: Examining the role of session timing in Cognitive Processing Therapy in active duty military personnel
Fleming, C. J. E., Hawrilenko, M., Wachen, J. S., Peterson, A. L., Yarvis, J. S., Borah, A. M., Litz, B. T., Young‐McCaughan, S., Hale, W. J., Mintz, J., et al. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2020.04.001 · Cited by 10
Understanding the association between material hardship and posttraumatic stress disorder: a test of the social selection and social causation hypotheses and an exploration of gender differences
Holmes, S. C., Austin, A. E., & Smith, M. V. (2021) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-021-02162-1 · Cited by 15
“Both treatments have considerable evidence for their efficacy in treating PTSD, generally [32, 33], and among diverse populations of women, specifically [31, 34].”
Background
Predicting outcome of daycare cognitive behavioural therapy in a naturalistic sample of patients with PTSD: a machine learning approach
Stuke, H., Schoofs, N., Johanßen, H., Bermpohl, F., Ülsmann, D., Schulte‐Herbrüggen, O., & Priebe, K. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1958471 · Cited by 12
“cognitive processing therapy manual, did not perform as well as CPT has in randomized controlled trials (Asmundson et al., 2019; Cusack et al., 2016; Watts et al., 2013).”
Method
Intensive Cognitive Processing Therapy Associated With Reduced PTSD Treatment Dropout in a Case-Controlled Study of Treatment-Seeking Veterans
Weinstein, H. R., Roberge, E. M., & Parker, S. C. (2022) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2022.05.004 · Cited by 10
The role of symptom accommodation in trauma‐focused treatment engagement and response
Howard, K. P., Spoont, M. R., Polusny, M. A., Eftekhari, A., Rosen, C. S., & Meis, L. A. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22912 · Cited by 11
Implementing a trauma‐informed system of care: An analysis of learning collaborative outcomes
Bills, L. J., Hutchison, S. L., Snider, M. D. H., Skrzypek, B. E., Minnich, C. L., Korney, J. M., Taylor, R. M., & Herschell, A. D. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22931 · Cited by 9
A meta-analytic review of cognitive processing therapy with and without the written account
Sager, J. C., DeJesus, C. R., Kearns, J. C., Thompson‐Hollands, J., Trendel, S. L., Marx, B. P., & Sloan, D. M. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102976 · Cited by 14
What was helpful in today’s session? Responses of clients in two different psychotherapies for posttraumatic stress disorder.
König, J., Unterhitzenberger, J., Calmer, C., Kohout, P., Karl, R., Rosner, R., & Butollo, W. H. (2020) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000295 · Cited by 9
Interpersonal Psychotherapy of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder for Veterans and Family Members: An Open Trial
Pickover, A. M., Lowell, A. M., Lazarov, A., Lopez-Yianilos, A., Sánchez-Lacay, A., Ryba, M., Such, S., Arnon, S., Amsalem, D., Neria, Y., et al. (2021) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.202000355 · Cited by 10
Functional brain changes after alternative pharmacological interventions in posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of clinical trials
Lotfinia, S., Afshar, A., Yaseri, A., Olff, M., & Quidé, Y. (2023) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3292 · Cited by 7
“…including eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, cognitive processing therapy, or prolonged exposure therapy, are also widely used (Asmundson et al., 2019; Bisson & Olff, 2021), whereas antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic…”
Method
Massed written exposure therapy delivered to veterans with posttraumatic stress symptoms on an acute inpatient mental health unit
Ennis, C. R., Raines, A. M., Boffa, J. W., Shapiro, M. O., Dornbach‐Bender, A., Ferrie, M. L., Fondren, A. H., Vidaurri, D. N., Walton, J. L., Chambliss, J. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23042 · Cited by 9
The role of dosage and intensity in trauma-focused treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis
Leithner, C., Schreyer, B., Däumling, S., Semmlinger, V., & Ehring, T. W. (2026) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102720 · Cited by 9
Group Psychotherapy for Parents of Youth with Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome
Ellerkamp, H., Thienemann, M., Tinero, J., Shaw, R., Dowtin, L. L., Frankovich, J., & Borkovi, T. C. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09926-0 · Cited by 8
Cognitive Processing Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Japan
Ito, M., Katayanagi, A., Miyamae, M., Inomata, T., Takagishi, Y., Kikuchi, A., Makino, M., Matsuda, Y., Yamaguchi, K., Nakayama, C., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.58059 · Cited by 7
Psychological interventions for adult posttraumatic stress disorder: A systematic review of published meta-analyses
Kip, A., Ritter, L., Hoppen, T. H., Papola, D., Ostuzzi, G., Barbui, C., & Nexhmedin Morina, B. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103017 · Cited by 12
Examination of PTSD symptom networks over the course of cognitive processing therapy.
Graziano, R. C., LoSavio, S. T., White, M. A., Beckham, J. C., & Dillon, K. H. (2023) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0001464 · Cited by 9
A preliminary study on the effect of trauma-focused therapies on sexual dysfunctions in women with PTSD after childhood abuse
Steil, R., Weiss, J., Bornefeld‐Ettmann, P., Priebe, K., Kleindienst, N., & Müller‐Engelmann, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.01.013 · Cited by 7
Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction as a Culturally Relevant Treatment for Racial or Ethnic Minorities
Williams, T. R., Lynch, E., Jones, P., Bass, J. E., & Harrison, R. (2022) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.103911 · Cited by 7
Childbirth as an anticipated trauma during pregnancy: pretraumatic stress symptoms in primiparous women
Suchanecki, L., & Goutaudier, N. (2022) · Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology · doi:10.1080/02646838.2022.2137118 · Cited by 7
“Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) are widely used as psychotherapeutic treatment for PTSD regardless of the traumatic event (see, Asmundson et al., 2019; Powers et al., 2010, for meta-analytic reviews).”
Background
The position statement of the Working Group on the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorders in adults
Koweszko, T., de Barbaro, B., Izydorczyk, B., Mastalerz–Migas, A., Samochowiec, J., Szulc, A., Kowalska, A., Wachowska, K., & Gałecki, P. (2023) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/166172 · Cited by 7
“These efforts may allow the patient to use adaptive strategies to cope with daily life [36].”
Background
Get secure soon: attachment in abused adolescents and young adults before and after trauma-focused cognitive processing therapy.
Rimane, E., Steil, R., Renneberg, B., & Rosner, R. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01637-x · Cited by 9
Sleep Quality as a Critical Pathway Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Multimorbidity and the Impact of Lifestyle
Sheffler, J., Meng, Z., Sachs‐Ericsson, N., Caimary, V. G., Patel, J., & Pickett, S. M. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/08982643241237832 · Cited by 8
“These CBT based treatments that focus on trauma-focused meaning and involve the processing of traumatic material have been found to be ef ﬁ cacious in older adult populations (Asmundson et al., 2019).”
Are There Differences Among Evidence-Based Psychotherapies for Treating Different DSM-5 PTSD Symptom Clusters? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials
Melani, M., Paiva, J. M., Mendlowicz, M. V., Vilete, L. M. P., Luz, M. P., Ventura, P. R., Passos, R. B. F., & Berger, W. L. (2024) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001769 · Cited by 7
The neuroscientific basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): From brain to treatment
Agbaria, L., Mirzaei, F., A'amar, N. O., Raba, F. T., Papazian, G., Bhatnagar, K., Sirimanne, N., Ayoubkhan, A. A., Thilagendra, A. G., & Gupta, A. (2025) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2025.01.009 · Cited by 7
The Hero’s Journey to Resilience and Thriving in the Context of Disaster
Smith, B. W. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32007-2_6 · Cited by 6
‘Undoing a knot’: a qualitative study of massed 1-week Cognitive Processing Therapy
Kovacevic, M., Tharaud, J. B., Montes, M., Mundle, R. S., Splaine, C. C., Silverberg, J. T., Pridgen, S., Werner, B., & Held, P. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2205126 · Cited by 6
Application of the Nursing Model Based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) in Improving Mental Health and Quality of Life after Colorectal Cancer Drug Chemotherapy
Shi, Y., Yu, H., Miao, J., & Wang, L. (2021) · Journal of Oncology · doi:10.1155/2021/8142155 · Cited by 5
“542 Cognitive processing therapy [43] 86 79 15.”
Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Among First Responders
Zegel, M., Leonard, S. J., Healy, N. A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-38149-2_21 · Cited by 7
Unravelling the impact of prior depression and trauma-related cognitive processes on depression following trauma: A 2-year prospective study of burn survivors
Su, Y., & Liang, S. H. (2024) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2024.08.012 · Cited by 6
Psychological intervention with adult victims of sexual abuse: A comprehensive review
Fávero, M., Moreira, D. S., Abreu, B. M. V., Sánchez, A. D. C., Moreira, D. S., & Sousa‐Gomes, V. (2021) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2598 · Cited by 5
Internet-delivered cognitive processing therapy for individuals with a history of bullying victimization: a randomized controlled trial
Thorisdottir, A. S., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2021) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1938663 · Cited by 5
“…to simultaneous remissions in symptoms of comorbid conditions (e.g. depression), which suggests that focusing treatment on the source of the psychological difficulties leads to generalized benefits in mental health functioning (Asmundson et al., 2019; Resick et al., 2014; Van Minnen et al., 2015).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citation
Approach and barriers to the assessment and treatment of individuals with co-occurring OCD and PTSD: Treatment providers’ perspectives
Pinciotti, C. M., Ponzini, G. T., Hundt, N. E., Fletcher, T. L., Wells, S. Y., Wadsworth, L. P., Kirk, N. P. V., Abramowitz, J. S., Quinlan, K., Goodman, W. K., et al. (2024) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2024.100877 · Cited by 5
A narrative review on emerging issues about war-related trauma in perinatal women: good practice for assessment, prevention, and treatment
Muñoz, M. D. L. F. R., Chrzan‐Dętkoś, M., Uka, A., García-López, H. S., Bina, R., & Le, H. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01537-y · Cited by 8
Die Cognitive Processing Therapy zur Behandlung Geflüchteter mit einer Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörung: Eine Machbarkeitsstudie
Steil, R., Görg, N., Kümmerle, S., Lechner‐Meichsner, F., Gutermann, J., & Müller‐Engelmann, M. (2021) · Verhaltenstherapie · doi:10.1159/000514724 · Cited by 5
“Die CPT erwies sich des Weiteren als vielversprechender Ansatz in der Behandlung von Patient*innen mit komplexer PTBS [Müller-Engelmann et al., 2016; Bohus et al., 2020], unter der auch viele Geflüchtete leiden [Barbieri et al., 2019].”
Background
Exploring Structural Adaptations to Cognitive Processing Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Sandanapitchai, P., & Nixon, R. D. V. (2025) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2025.03.003 · Cited by 4
Exploring meaning in life as a potential target for early intervention – results from a randomized trauma analogue study
Seidel-Koulaxis, L. J., Daniels, J. K., & Ostafin, B. D. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2429334 · Cited by 4
“CPT resulted in lower PTSD symptoms compared to inactive control or alternative treatments post-treatment and at follow-up with large effect sizes (for a meta-analysis, see Asmundson et al., 2019).”
Examining trauma cognition change trajectories among initial PTSD treatment non-optimal responders: a potential avenue to guide subsequent treatment selection
Held, P., Splaine, C. C., Smith, D. L., & Kaysen, D. L. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2237361 · Cited by 4
The mediating role of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in pain cognitions among Veterans with chronic pain
Reed, D. E., Lehinger, E. A., Cobos, B. A., Williams, R. M., McGeary, C. A., & McGeary, D. D. (2024) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2024.2309897 · Cited by 4
Trauma in Female Forensic Psychiatric Patients: A Mixed-Method Study into the Clinical Practice of Trauma-Focused Treatment
de Vogel, V., Depla, J., & Vos, M. K. (2025) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci14030124 · Cited by 4
Long-Term Clinical and Neuronuclear Imaging Sequelae of Cancer Therapy, Trauma, and Brain Injury
Alcantara, A., Berenji, G. R., Scherling, C., Durcanova, B., Diaz‐Aguilar, D., & Silverman, D. H. S. (2019) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.119.237578 · Cited by 4
“Department of Defense and Department of Veterans Affairs, cognitive processing therapy has been successful in reducing feelings of fear and culpability in PTSD (40).”
Background
Military Sexual Trauma Among Men: Gendered Experiences, Clinical Considerations, and Treatment Options
Yahalom, J., Hamilton, A. B., Lang, A. J., Holliday, R. P., & Monteith, L. L. (2023) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-023-00283-9 · Cited by 6
“, Present-Centered Therapy [PCT]) [52].”
Latent Emotion Profiles of Ptsd and Specific Emotions Predicting Differential Therapy Outcomes in a Dismantling Study of Cognitive Processing Therapy
Fitzpatrick, S., Liebman, R. E., Monson, C. M., & Resick, P. A. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102681 · Cited by 4
The use of practice assignments in cognitive processing therapy to promote cognitive and emotional change: A case study
Wachen, J. S. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23632 · Cited by 4
Narrative Self‐Transcendence: Decreased Regret and Increased Acceptance Over Late Midlife
Reischer, H. N., Couch, N. G., Wright, M. N., Duarte, A. J., & McAdams, D. P. (2025) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.13022 · Cited by 3

Authors: Asmundson, G. J. G., Thorisdottir, A. S., Roden-Foreman, J. W., Baird, S. O., Witcraft, S. M., Stein, A. T., Smits, J. A. J., & Powers, M. B.
Affiliations: University of Regina (CA)
Baylor University Medical Center (US)
The University of Texas at Austin (US)
University of Mississippi (US)
Corresponding author: Asmundson, Gordon J. G.
ORCID: Asmundson, Gordon J. G.
Thorisdottir, Audur S.
Roden-Foreman, Jacob W.
Baird, Scarlett O.
Witcraft, Sara M.
Stein, Aliza T.
Smits, Jasper A. J.
Powers, Mark B
Venue: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2018-10-18
Volume: 48
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-14
ISSN: 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
1651-2316
DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2018.1522371
OpenAlex: W2897437472
Cited by: 207
References: 48
Citations by year: 2026: 30 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 2.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
hdl.handle.net
Locations: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
QSpace (Queen's University Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords: cognitive processing therapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, treatment moderators, sex differences in treatment response
MeSH terms: Humans, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

A meta-analytic review of cognitive processing therapy for adults with posttraumatic stress disorder

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks