Human Fears: A Three Systems Analysis

Abstract

The nature of the three-systems analysis of fear is described, and the advantages of this conception over the prevailing unitary or ‘lump’ theory, are argued. The three-systems analysis enables one to make intelligible some formerly puzzling clinical observations, such as cognitive lags and the discrepancies between indices of fear. It is also argued that the three main components of fear – verbal report, behaviour and psychophysiological changes – can co-vary or vary independently. Furthermore, the three components can change at different speeds (desynchrony). The theoretical implications of using a three-systems analysis are considered, and include a new perspective on such subjects as therapeutic outcome, courage, and the two-stage theory of fear and avoidance. On the practical side, the analysis helps to clarify the mode of action of fear-reduction procedures and promises to lay the basis for new types of therapy.