The effect of body composition and BMI on 25(OH)D response in vitamin D‐supplemented athletes
Open accessAbstract
Fat mass is inversely associated with vitamin D status, and athletes with the most adipose tissue may have the greatest risk for insufficient (25(OH)D 20–32 ng mL−1) or deficient (25(OH)D < 20 ng ml−1) status. The effects of fat and lean mass on 25(OH)D change in response to vitamin D supplementation have yet to be elucidated in athletes. In addition, vitamin D has a known role in bone health yet a link between short‐term changes in 25(OH)D and bone turnover in indoor athletes have not yet been described. Thirty‐two collegiate swimmers and divers (19 male, 13 female; 19 (1) years) participated in a 6‐month randomized controlled trial and consumed either 4000 IU d−1 of vitamin D 3 (n = 19) or placebo (PLA; n = 13). Anthropometry and blood collection of 25(OH)D, bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (B‐ALP) and N‐terminal telopeptide (NTx) occurred at three time points. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry measured body composition analysis at baseline and endpoint. In the vitamin D group, BMI was negatively correlated with 6‐month 25(OH)D change (R = −0.496; P = .03) and a stronger predictor of 25(OH)D change (P = .04) than ultraviolet B exposure and fat mass change. Athletes in the high bone turnover group showed significantly greater losses of 25(OH)D over 6‐months compared to athletes in the low bone turnover group (P = .03). These results suggest athletes within the normal BMI category experience a diminished response to 4000 IU d−1 of vitamin D 3 supplementation, and periods of high bone turnover may be an additional risk factor for developing compromised vitamin D status in athletes.
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During the winter season, almost 60% of outdoor athletes and 64% of indoor athletes have a level of 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL.
“It has been estimated that during the winter season, almost 60% of outdoor athletes and 64% of indoor athletes have a level of 25(OH)D <30 ng/mL, which indicates insufficiency of vitamin D [11,12,13,14,15].”
From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says vitamin D insufficiency is prevalent among athletes and that indoor athletes appear at particularly high risk. It does not give the claimed winter estimates of almost 60% of outdoor athletes and 64% of indoor athletes below 30 ng/mL; the Methods describe a trial of swimmers and divers, not an outdoor–indoor prevalence comparison. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredVitamin D concentration is inversely associated with high fat mass.
“Vitamin D concentration is inversely associated with high fat mass [11].”
From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [11]
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Cites
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Michalczyk, M. M., Gołaś, A., Maszczyk, A., Kaczka, P., & Zając, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12051311 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cassity, E. P., Redzic, M., Teager, C. R., & Thomas, D. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- Corresponding author
- Thomas, D. Travis
- ORCID
- Thomas, D. Travis
- Venue
- European Journal of Sport Science
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-12-23
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 773-779
- ISSN
- 1536-7290 (ISSN-L)
- 1746-1391
- PMC
- PMC5432038
- OpenAlex
- W2200558471
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 0.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- European Journal of Sport Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Pharmavite
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000117)
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG046762)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007778)
- National Center for Research Resources
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Keywords
- vitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, body composition, body mass index, fat mass, lean body mass, athletes, swimmers, divers, bone turnover, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, N-telopeptide, vitamin D status, UVB exposure, vitamin D3
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Composition, Body Weight, Female, Humans, Hydroxycholecalciferols, Male, Swimming, Vitamin D, Body Mass Index, Young Adult, Athletes
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