The DOI matches its Crossref record; 204 of the 208 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 73 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Anti-cancer green bionanomaterials: present status and future prospects
Open accessAbstract
Cancer is one of the most common health problems responsible for outnumbered deaths worldwide. Nanomedicine plays an important role in developing alternative and more effective treatment strategies for cancer theranostics. However, the toxicity, high cost and nanoparticles (NPs) production complexity are some of the major issues that obstruct the use of existing nanomedicine. Recently, the green synthesis of biogenic NPs from plants and microbial sources has become an emerging field due to their safer, eco-friendly, simple, fast, energy efficient, low-cost and less toxic nature. Interestingly, NPs play a key role in diagnosis of tumor at the initial stage by allowing cellular visualization. Furthermore, prospective applications of green NPs include magnetically responsive drug delivery, anti-cancer activity, photo-thermal therapy and bio-imaging. The present review provides perspective on the use of anti-cancer green bionanomaterials with a focus on their present status and future prospects in the theranostics of cancer.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review argues that green-synthesized metal bionanomaterials from plants and microbes are promising, safer, lower-cost alternatives for cancer theranostics, with reported in vitro anticancer activity and imaging/drug-delivery applications. However, clinical translation remains limited by incomplete mechanistic understanding, toxicity/immunological concerns, protein corona effects, and manufacturing/scale-up challenges.
Key findings
- Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Cu, Ti, Zn, Fe) is reported from plant extracts, algae, bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, and yeast; phytochemicals such as flavonoids, polyphenols, proteins, and alkaloids are proposed to reduce and cap metal ions, while microbial nitrate reductase is implicated in extracellular fabrication.
- In vitro anticancer activity is reported against many cancer cell lines, often dose-dependent, with some selectivity examples: biogenic AgNPs showed IC50 27.75 µg/mL against SMMC-7721 hepatoma vs 81.39 µg/mL in normal HL-7702 liver cells; AuNPs inhibited HeLa with IC50 100 µg/mL vs 300 µg/mL in normal bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells; EPS-stabilized FeONPs had IC50 62.946 mg/mL vs 350.18 mg/mL for free EPS in A431 cells; *Erythrina suberosa* AgNPs had IC50 74.02 µg/mL vs 106.15 µg/mL for leaf extract and 136.73 µg/mL for AgNO3 in A-431 cells.
- Proposed anticancer mechanisms include reactive oxygen species generation, sub-G1 arrest, up-regulation of p53 and caspase-3, inhibition of VEGF-induced activities, glutathione loss, DNA-dependent protein kinase downregulation, and Bax up-regulation with Bcl-2 downregulation.
- Theranostic applications include fluorescent Au/Ce nanoclusters for bio-imaging in HeLa/HepG2 cells and tumor mice, biogenic AgNPs internalized by A549 and B16F10 cells, magnetically targeted drug delivery, and doxorubicin-loaded AuNPs@HMBPs for HeLa cells.
Methods
- Narrative review, not a primary experimental study; it synthesizes literature on green synthesis of metal bionanomaterials from plants and microbes and their anticancer/theranostic applications.
- Includes tables of phyto-sources and microbial sources for bionanoparticle synthesis and anticancer activity in various cell lines over the past 5 years, plus discussion of mechanisms, cancer diagnosis, drug delivery, and translational hurdles.
- No systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative meta-analysis is reported in the text.
Limitations
- The paper states that the exact mechanisms of metal nanoparticle biosynthesis and anticancer activity are not fully understood; residual biomolecules may remain on nanoparticle surfaces; some microbial sources include pathogenic microbes; the protein corona can compromise in vivo reliability; nanotechnology products are expensive due to manufacturing and preservation difficulties; scale-up reproducibility is challenging; and safety data are insufficient, requiring acute/chronic toxicity, pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and immune-response studies before clinical trials.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not provide a systematic search or quality appraisal, and many findings are cited from other studies rather than independently verified here.
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Claims the paper makes
57 Sources not found · 14 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given
In the paper
“This study depicted that spherical-shaped AuNPs had a higher cellular uptake in comparison to rod-shaped AuNPs because of variable biophysical properties such receptor diffusion kinetics.”
§ 3. Hurdles for green nanomaterials as future cancer nanomedicine > 3.1. Diffusion and penetration
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation139
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Notably, NPs can play a vital role in cancer diagnosis at an early stage by allowing visualization of cancer cells.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation118
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In the paper
“Besides, increased oxidative stress leads to oxidation of glutathione (GSH) to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) through the oxidation process.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation24
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Seo et al. (Citation124). have reported a novel study of biosynthesizing AuNPs via employing heavy metal binding proteins (HMBPs) of genetically engineered Escherichia coli acting as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation124
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In the paper
“Moreover, biocompatibility testing of metal NPs has been done on different normal cell lines such as HaCaT (human keratinocyte) (Citation76, Citation77), HMEC (human mammary epithelial cell) (Citation33), HDFa (human normal skin dermal fibroblast) (Citation39),”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation76
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- Not matchedcites Citation77
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- Not matchedcites Citation33
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, based on the aforementioned, the use of nanotechnology will be the best strategy for cancer diagnosis due to their self-fluorescence ability.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
boosteddirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“More interestingly, microalgae were designed for ecofriendly, scalable and permanent photobioreactors for sustainable and continuous fabrication of valuable bionanomaterials (Citation15).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation15
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these studies depicted biocompatibility of metal NPs, some studies are not in agreement.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Besides, one of the major problems in the cancer treatment process is the side-effects owing to conventional treatment strategies (Citation8–10).”
What the sources say
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All the mentioned mechanisms lead to extracellular or intracellular fabrication of metal NPs.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Salunke et al. (Citation28) suggested the role of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall components, some proteins and alcoholic compounds in the synthesis and stabilization of MnO2 NPs (Citation28).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation28
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In the paper
“Recent nano-medical developments helped the progress of NPs for diagnostic and therapeutic (theranostics) applications.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although fabrication of NPs has attracted great interest for various physical and chemical processes, but there is an urgent need to explore alternative routes owing to some unsatisfying conditions of these methods such as the need for high temperature in the thermo-reductive process or intensive energy in the laser ablation process (Citation15).”
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In the paper
“Furthermore, the group loaded doxorubicin (Dox) on the AuNPs@HMBPs DDS for treating the cancerous HeLa cells.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation124
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Notably, the exact mechanism of metal NPs’ anti-cancer activity is not fully understood yet.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Importantly, the ROS leads to activation of caspase-3 which is responsible for cell apoptosis by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M phase (Citation111).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation111
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, the bioreduction process may be catalyzed by enzymes inside the cells or on the cell surface.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation11
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hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The untreated cells used as control and those treated with chemically fabricated AgNPs did not exhibit fluorescence, while those cancerous cells that were treated with biological synthesized AgNPs exhibited very strong fluorescence indicating the internalization of AgNPs by A549 & B16F10 cells (Citation120).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation120
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boosteddirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Indeed, by applying this strategy the associated side-effects along with the amount of the drug delivered are reduced, ultimately leading to reduced systemic toxicity (Citation122 , Citation123).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation122
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, Mukherjee et al. (Citation120) reported green synthesis of monodispersed AgNPs (20–60 nm) by using Olax scandens leaf extract, with spherical shape and high stability for several days.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation120
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In the paper
“Recently, the applications of nanobiotechnology have revealed novel strategies for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer.”
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Hence, natural products and resources may ultimately prove to be more efficient and cost-effective.”
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, the fabrication of NPs by a chemical process may require toxic substrates, generates harmful wastes or requires large amounts of energy and even has low productivity (Citation16).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation16
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hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, prospective applications of green NPs include magnetically responsive drug delivery, anti-cancer activity, photo-thermal therapy and bio-imaging.”
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Recently, the green synthesis of biogenic NPs from plants and microbial sources has become an emerging field due to their safer, eco-friendly, simple, fast, energy efficient, low-cost and less toxic nature.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation11
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plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this regard, these instruments differ based on their underlying physical principles, sensitivity and specificity to contrast agents, tissue contrast, spatial resolution, quantitativeness and tissue penetration (Citation116).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation116
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plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, it is believed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, Sub-G1 arrest in cell, up-regulation of p53 protein and caspase-3 expression, inhibition of VEGF-induced activities are the major proposed anti-cancer mechanisms (Citation21, Citation110).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation21
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hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the literature, several studies reported nontoxicity and biocompatibility of some metal NPs in normal cell lines, but high toxicity in cancer cell lines.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Notably, GSH is known as an antioxidant that prevents cells from ROS damages, consequently resulting in remarkably much MNPs’ cytotoxicity and loss of GSH (Citation24).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation24
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boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“One of the major drawbacks of current cancer treatment strategies is the lack of targeted drug delivery, resulting in systemic toxicity (Citation8 , Citation121).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation8
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In the paper
“Remarkably, alpha fetal protein (AFP) is a cancer biomarker in clinical diagnosis associated with the disease progression and therapeutic responses of liver cancer.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation117
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Green bionanomaterials involving metals such as gold, silver, copper, titanium, zinc and iron prepared from different bio-sources, and have been reported for various biomedical applications (Citation11).”
What the sources say
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, metal NPs are used in drug delivery, gene delivery, medicine, cell labeling, sensors, food packaging, wound dressings, etc.”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation12–14
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plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The synthesized NPs were spherical in nature having a size of 5–20 nm in diameter.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation124
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This is in agreement with the study of Wang et al., 2013, which demonstrated green synthesis of silver NCs employing glutathione and showed in vivo fluorescent tumor imaging through living animal tumors (Citation119).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation119
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eventually, based on heterogeneity of bio-sources, various factors such as temperature, synthesis conditions, reaction time, substrate concentrations and pH can have significant impacts on the rate of synthesis reaction.”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, according to the acceptable in vitro results, Au/Ce NCs were also investigated for in vivo bio-imaging in a tumor mice model of cervical carcinoma. As shown in , fluorescence was observed around the tumor after 24 h of subcutaneous Au/Ce NCs injection (Citation118).”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation118
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Specifically, it is also reported that the cellular uptake and penetration are independent of surface coating, size, density, initial dose concentration and morphology of NPs (Citation136).”
§ 3. Hurdles for green nanomaterials as future cancer nanomedicine > 3.1. Diffusion and penetration
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation136
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Notably, the exact mechanism of biosynthesis of metal NPs is not well understood yet (Citation25).”
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation25
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Polymeric NPs are naturally biodegradable and are cleared form the body. However, in case of metallic NPs biodegradability is slow and poses serious challenges in terms of toxicity (Citation50 , Citation147, Citation151).”
§ 3. Hurdles for green nanomaterials as future cancer nanomedicine > 3.3. Biodegradability, metabolic kinetics and clearance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation50
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Citation147
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Citation151
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“In this study, no differences were revealed in the cellular penetration of lactose- and glucose-modified AgNPs in L929, though there was a substantial growth in the cellular internalization of lactose-modified AgNPs into the A549, could be explained by the role of the chemical nature of the ligand in cellular uptake.”
§ 3. Hurdles for green nanomaterials as future cancer nanomedicine > 3.1. Diffusion and penetration
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation141
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Considering the above discussion, it is expected that green nanomaterials could emerge as future cancer therapeutics and diagnostics agents in the near future.”
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“More interestingly, it was suggested that the surface coating of NPs impact on rate of uptake (Citation140).”
§ 3. Hurdles for green nanomaterials as future cancer nanomedicine > 3.1. Diffusion and penetration
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation140
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Green nanomaterials are currently in a highly investigative phase for the treatment and diagnosis of cancer but the ultimate dependability is yet to be decided in clinical trials.”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In another study reported by Rengan and coworkers, liposomal AuNPs were demonstrated for their biodegradability and as a potential DDS for cancer therapy. Moreover, metabolic degradation of the delivery system was noticed in liver and hepatocytes followed by its easy excretion via the renal route (Citation147).”
§ 3. Hurdles for green nanomaterials as future cancer nanomedicine > 3.3. Biodegradability, metabolic kinetics and clearance
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Citation147
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper relies on this without support.
Magnetically targeted NPs have overcome the disadvantage of non-specificity as carriers for FDA-approved anti-cancer drugs.
“Recently, magnetically targeted NPs have overcome this significant disadvantage of non-specificity as carriers for FDA-approved anti-cancer drugs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Residuals from phytosynthesis (amino acids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, etc.) stick to the NPs’ surface and play a role in NPs’ function even after washing and purification.
“If we talk about phytosynthesis, many amino acids, polysaccharides, flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, etc. exist in the metal NPs’ medium method, which play a role in NPs’ function, even if their surfaces are washed and purified since the residuals would stick to the NPs’ surface.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Using pathogenic microbes such as E. coli as a bio-source for preparation of metal NPs causes hazards.
“Likewise, in microbial synthesis, there are a number of microorganisms involving saprophytes and even pathogenic microbes such as E. coli introduced as a bio-source for preparation of metal NPs which would cause some hazards according to clinical studies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nanotechnology-based products are highly expensive due to difficulties in manufacturing and preserving.
“Overall, nanotechnology-based products are highly expensive probably due to difficulties in the manufacturing and preserving process; thereby its progress would cost a high amount of money.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Lab-produced NPs using routine top-down or bottom-up approaches vary greatly from those obtained from commercial producers.
“NPs produced using routine top-down or bottom-up approaches in the lab vary greatly from those obtained from commercial producers.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A slight change in the optimized conditions of NPs’ synthesis can render the NPs biologically inactive, less stable, and highly impure.
“Practically, a slight change in the optimized conditions of NPs’ synthesis can render the NPs biologically inactive, less stable and highly impure.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Diffusive resistance of various tissues (intestine, vagina, nose mucosal membranes, and lungs) poses a major barrier in nanomedicine delivery.
“In general, diffusive resistance of various tissues (intestine, vagina, nose mucosal membranes and lungs) poses a major barrier in nanomedicine delivery.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sedimentation and diffusion velocities of NPs highly affect their penetration and cellular uptake.
“Researchers have scientifically proved that the sedimentation and diffusion velocities of NPs highly affect their penetration and cellular uptake.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Positively charged AuNPs may encounter a negative charge repulsion from the glomerular basement membrane in nephrons and pass out via urine.
“Furthermore, the studies shed light on the positively charged AuNPs, which may encounter a negative charge repulsion from the glomerular basement membrane in nephrons and pass out via urine.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.2. Biocompatible nanomaterials for cancer diagnosis
“This is in agreement with the study of Wang et al., 2013, which demonstrated green synthesis of silver NCs employing glutathione and showed in vivo fluorescent tumor imaging through living animal tumors (Citation119).”
§ References
“Gao, S.; Chen, D.; Li, Q.; Ye, J.; Jiang, H.; Amatore, C.; Wang, X. Near-infrared Fluorescence Imaging of Cancer Cells and Tumors Through Specific Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoclusters. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4 (12), 1–6.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
“A431 (human vulvar squamous cell carcinoma) (Citation62)”
§ 2. Green bionanomaterials: an insight > 2.1. Anti-cancer activity of green nanomaterials: A mechanistic approach
“the A-431 osteosarcoma cell line”
Citations
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- 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.09.003 · DOI
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Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Microbes
Rani, S., Kumar, P., Dahiya, P., Priya, Dang, A. S., & Suneja, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-3126-2_29
Nanomaterials in marine science
Devi, G. V. Y., Dalavi, P. A., Seong, G. H., & Venkatesan, J. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95513-3.00029-0
‘GREEN METAL NANO TECHNOLOGY IN DENTISTRY’-A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Ayireddy, P. (2024) · INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT · doi:10.55041/ijsrem30788
Thakur, P. K., & Verma, V. (2024) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-024-05058-3
RetractedHerbals and green synthesized nanoparticles in dentistry
Jairam, L. S., Reddy, K. R., Greeshma, C., & Bhaduri, N. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-31392-9.00017-0
Alam, F., Nag, M., Judder, M. I., Mandal, S., Shrestha, B., Ghosh, A., Dutta, A., Roy, S., & Islam, M. (2025) · Asian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.14233/ajchem.2025.34459
Metal-based nanomaterials in photodynamic therapy
He, W., Cui, Y., Sun, J., & Yang, Z. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40431-3.00013-x
Biopolymer-based Chemotherapeutics: Combination Therapies and Synergistic Effects
Wasim, R., Mahmood, T., Parveen, S., Anwar, A., & Ahmad, A. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9798898811419125010008
Nanomaterials derived from beneficial microorganisms for food processing and preservation
Mazhar, M., Gaidher, M., Nousheen, Akansha, Ghosh, S., Sharma, K., & Dulta, K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-31526-8.00019-4
Characteristics and pharmacological activities of endophytes mediated silver nanoparticles
Dhanushree, M. S., & Umesha, S. (2026) · Vegetos · doi:10.1007/s42535-026-01622-w
Bionanomaterials, Characterization, and Applications
Sahana, M., Swathi, B., Sanjith, S., & Manjula, N. G. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11155-7_262-1
Prakash, J. M., Rao, R. U. M., Amperayani, K. R., & Kolli, D. (2026) · International Journal of Drug Delivery Technology · doi:10.25258/ijddt.16.39s.18
Future Horizons: Collaboration of Advanced Pharmaceutical Labs and Computational Sciences
Werle, J., Hosnedlová, B., Mitrovský, O., Nguyen, H. V., Parikesit, A. A., Bjørklund, G., Pholosi, A., Hari, N. V., Eiamphungporn, W., Fernández, C., et al. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20428-8_12
Keshavarz, L., Kavousi, M., & Mirzaie, A. (2026) · Journal of Cellular Biotechnology · doi:10.1177/23523689261455143
Zahran, F. M., & Al_Bader, Z. A. (2026) · Iraqi journal for applied science. · doi:10.69923/kezfk969
Tilothama, B., Nitu, S., & Sujata, M. (2026) · Plant Science Today · doi:10.14719/pst.13880
Green-Synthesized Nanomaterials for Kidney Cancer: Current Progress and Future Perspectives
Khalifa, M. R., Khafaga, D. S. R., Gabal, M. T. A., El-Monem, M. M. A., Zeidan, S. S., Attia, S. S., & Abdelkhalek, S. M. M. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27188113
Application of Nanotechnology in Antimicrobial and Antitumor
Thabet, A. R. F., Muhammad, F. F., Khaliwi, R. Y., & Maktuf, A. M. (2024) · Current Clinical and Medical Education
Edison Raj Godwin, P., Paul Ajithkumar, I., Praveenkumar, D., Prasath, A. K. A., Ravichandran, K., & Daniel Jebaraj, P. (2026) · Next Materials · doi:10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.103776
Metadata
- Authors
- Barabadi, H., Ovais, M., Shinwari, Z. K., & Saravanan, M.
- Affiliations
- Shahid Beheshti University (IR)
- Quaid-i-Azam University (PK)
- Mekelle University (ET)
- Corresponding author
- Saravanan, Muthupandian
- Venue
- Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2017-10-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 285-314
- ISSN
- 1751-7192 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-8253
- OpenAlex
- W2766097605
- Cited by
- 221
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 10.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- green synthesis, biogenic nanoparticles, anticancer activity, cancer theranostics, nanomedicine, plant-mediated nanoparticle synthesis, magnetic drug delivery, photothermal therapy, bioimaging, tumor diagnosis, nanoparticle toxicity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
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