Detail review on chemical, physical and green synthesis, classification, characterizations and applications of nanoparticles
Open accessAbstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging field of science. The base of nanotechnology is nanoparticles. The size of nanoparticles ranges from 1 to 100 nm. The nanoparticles are classified into different classes such as inorganic nanoparticles, organic nanoparticles, ceramic nanoparticles and carbon base nanoparticles. The inorganic nanoparticles are further classified into metal nanoparticles and metal oxide nanoparticles.similarly carbon base nanoparticles classified into Fullerene, Carbon nanotubes, Graphene, Carbon nanofiber and carbon black Nanoparticles are also classified on the basis of dimension such as one dimension nanoparticles, two-dimension nanoparticles and three-dimension nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are synthesized by using two approaches like top-down approach and bottom-up approach. In this review chemical, physical and green synthesis of nanoparticles is reported. The synthesized nanoparticles are synthesized using different qualitative and quantitative techniques. The Qualitative techniques include Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X.ray diffraction (XRD) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The Quantitative techniques include Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Annular Dark-Field Imaging (HAADF) and Intracranial pressure (ICP). The nanoparticles have different application which is reported in this review.
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Traditional chemical methods often face challenges in producing pure, stable, non-toxic (ligand-free), colloidal nanoparticles.
“which is often challenging using traditional chemical methods.”
Chemical method for NP synthesis uses precursors, surfactants, capping agents, and solvents for particle stabilisation, which is challenging and carries risks of residual contamination, difficulty in particle functionalisation, and harmful environmental effects.
“However, the use of precursors, surfactants, capping agents, and solvents for particle stabilisation is challenging and along with it are risks of residual contamination, difficulty in particle functionalisation, and further harmful effects on the environment, which remain unrealised.”
Cites
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Laser-Ablated ZnO Nanoparticles and Their Photocatalytic Activity toward Organic Pollutants
Mintcheva, N., Aljulaih, A. A., Wunderlich, W., Kulinich, S. A., & Iwamori, S. (2018) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma11071127 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
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Subhan, A., Mourad, A.-H. I., & Al-Douri, Y. (2022) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano12132144 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“The chemical method is a bottom-up technique that involves the use of the wetchemistry approach for producing NPs from chemical reactions, which has been a popular synthesis approach for many years [25].”
Method
- Authors
- Ijaz, I., Gilani, E., Nazir, A., & Bukhari, A.
- Affiliations
- Minhaj University Lahore (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Ijaz, Irfan
- Venue
- Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-07-02
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 223-245
- ISSN
- 1751-7192 (ISSN-L)
- 1751-8253
- OpenAlex
- W3050436686
- Cited by
- 992
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 146 · 2025: 213 · 2024: 276 · 2023: 173 · 2022: 136 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 34.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Chemical and Physical Properties of Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Laser-Ablation Synthesis of Nanoparticles
- Keywords
- nanoparticles, nanoparticle classification, green synthesis, chemical synthesis, physical synthesis, metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanoparticles, C60, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers, carbon black, top-down and bottom-up synthesis, nanoparticle characterization, nanoparticle applications
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