Contribution of the clathrin adaptor AP-1 subunit µ1 to acidic cluster protein sorting
Open accessAbstract
Acidic clusters act as sorting signals for packaging cargo into clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs), and also facilitate down-regulation of MHC-I by HIV-1 Nef. To find acidic cluster sorting machinery, we performed a gene-trap screen and identified the medium subunit (µ1) of the clathrin adaptor AP-1 as a top hit. In µ1 knockout cells, intracellular CCVs still form, but acidic cluster proteins are depleted, although several other CCV components were either unaffected or increased, indicating that cells can compensate for long-term loss of AP-1. In vitro experiments showed that the basic patch on µ1 that interacts with the Nef acidic cluster also contributes to the binding of endogenous acidic cluster proteins. Surprisingly, µ1 mutant proteins lacking the basic patch and/or the tyrosine-based motif binding pocket could rescue the µ1 knockout phenotype completely. In contrast, these mutants failed to rescue Nef-induced down-regulation of MHC class I, suggesting a possible mechanism for attacking the virus while sparing the host cell.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The basic patch of AP-1μ subunit is required for binding of acidic cluster sequences.
“The basic patch (Lys274, Lys298, Lys302, Arg303, and Arg304) of the AP-1μ subunit has been shown to be required for the binding of acidic cluster sequences (Navarro Negredo et al., 2017).”
From Distinct anterograde trafficking pathways of BACE1 and amyloid precursor protein from the TGN and the regulation of amyloid-β production (2020) · cites this paper as Navarro Negredo et al., 2017
The Results identify Lys274, Lys298, Lys302, Arg303, and Arg304 as the basic patch and report that mutating them reduces binding. The Discussion says the patch is required for optimal binding, not that binding cannot occur without it; the claim overstates its necessity. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Global landscape of HIV–human protein complexes
Jäger, S., Cimermancic, P., Gulbahce, N., Johnson, J. R., McGovern, K. E., Clarke, S. C., Shales, M., Mercenne, G., Pache, L., Li, K., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature10719 · Cited by 731 · see citing works
Estimating metazoan divergence times with a molecular clock
Peterson, K. J., Lyons, J. B., Nowak, K. S., Takacs, C. M., Wargo, M. J., & McPeek, M. A. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401670101 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
A Systematic Mammalian Genetic Interaction Map Reveals Pathways Underlying Ricin Susceptibility
Bassik, M. C., Kampmann, M., Lebbink, R. J., Wang, S., Hein, M. Y., Poser, I., Weibezahn, J., Horlbeck, M. A., Chen, S., Mann, M., et al. (2013) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.01.030 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
The last common bilaterian ancestor
Erwin, D. H., & Davidson, E. H. (2002) · Development · doi:10.1242/dev.129.13.3021 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Miller, S. E., Mathiasen, S., Bright, N. A., Pierre, F., Kelly, B. T., Kladt, N., Schauss, A., Merrifield, C. J., Stamou, D., Höning, S., et al. (2015) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2015.03.002 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 60
- Bankaitis V.A., Johnson L.M., and Emr S.D. 1986 Isolation of yeast mutants defective in protein targeting to the vacuole. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 83: 9075– 9079. 10.1073/pnas.83.23.9075 3538017 PMC387077 · DOI
- Baugh L.L., Garcia J.V., and Foster J.L. 2008 Functional characterization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef acidic domain. J. Virol. 82: 9657– 9667. 10.1128/JVI.00107-08 18653452 PMC2546962 · DOI
- Blomen V.A., Májek P., Jae L.T., Bigenzahn J.W., Nieuwenhuis J., Staring J., Sacco R., van Diemen F.R., Olk N., Stukalov A., 2015 Gene essentiality and synthetic lethality in haploid human cells. Science. 350: 1092– 1096. 10.1126/science.aac7557 26472760 · DOI · Paper page
- Bonifacino J.S., and Traub L.M. 2003 Signals for sorting of transmembrane proteins to endosomes and lysosomes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 72: 395– 447. 10.1146/annurev.biochem.72.121801.161800 12651740 · DOI · Paper page
- Borner G.H.H., Harbour M., Hester S., Lilley K.S., and Robinson M.S. 2006 Comparative proteomics of clathrin-coated vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 175: 571– 578. 10.1083/jcb.200607164 17116749 PMC2064594 · DOI
- Borner G.H.H., Antrobus R., Hirst J., Bhumbra G.S., Kozik P., Jackson L.P., Sahlender D.A., and Robinson M.S. 2012 Multivariate proteomic profiling identifies novel accessory proteins of coated vesicles. J. Cell Biol. 197: 141– 160. 10.1083/jcb.201111049 22472443 PMC3317806 · DOI
- Borner G.H.H., Hein M.Y., Hirst J., Edgar J.R., Mann M., and Robinson M.S. 2014 Fractionation profiling: a fast and versatile approach for mapping vesicle proteomes and protein-protein interactions. Mol. Biol. Cell. 25: 3178– 3194. 10.1091/mbc.E14-07-1198 25165137 PMC4196868 · DOI
- Carette J.E., Guimaraes C.P., Varadarajan M., Park A.S., Wuethrich I., Godarova A., Kotecki M., Cochran B.H., Spooner E., Ploegh H.L., and Brummelkamp T.R. 2009 Haploid genetic screens in human cells identify host factors used by pathogens. Science. 326: 1231– 1235. 10.1126/science.1178955 19965467 · DOI
- Carette J.E., Raaben M., Wong A.C., Herbert A.S., Obernosterer G., Mulherkar N., Kuehne A.I., Kranzusch P.J., Griffin A.M., Ruthel G., 2011 Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1. Nature. 477: 340– 343. 10.1038/nature10348 21866103 PMC3175325 · DOI
- Chaudhuri R., Lindwasser O.W., Smith W.J., Hurley J.H., and Bonifacino J.S. 2007 Downregulation of CD4 by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef is dependent on clathrin and involves direct interaction of Nef with the AP2 clathrin adaptor. J. Virol. 81: 3877– 3890. 10.1128/JVI.02725-06 17267500 PMC1866153 · DOI
- Chen H.J., Yuan J., and Lobel P. 1997 Systematic mutational analysis of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor cytoplasmic domain. An acidic cluster containing a key aspartate is important for function in lysosomal enzyme sorting. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 7003– 7012. 10.1074/jbc.272.11.7003 9054390 · DOI
- Crump C.M., Xiang Y., Thomas L., Gu F., Austin C., Tooze S.A., and Thomas G. 2001 PACS-1 binding to adaptors is required for acidic cluster motif-mediated protein traffic. EMBO J. 20: 2191– 2201. 10.1093/emboj/20.9.2191 11331585 PMC125242 · DOI
- Cull M.G., and Schatz P.J. 2000 Biotinylation of proteins in vivo and in vitro using small peptide tags. Methods Enzymol. 326: 430– 440. 10.1016/S0076-6879(00)26068-0 11036656 · DOI
- Duncan L.M., Timms R.T., Zavodszky E., Cano F., Dougan G., Randow F., and Lehner P.J. 2012 Fluorescence-based phenotypic selection allows forward genetic screens in haploid human cells. PLoS One. 7: e39651 10.1371/journal.pone.0039651 22745803 PMC3382162 · DOI
- Eng F.J., Varlamov O., and Fricker L.D. 1999 Sequences within the cytoplasmic domain of gp180/carboxypeptidase D mediate localization to the trans-Golgi network. Mol. Biol. Cell. 10: 35– 46. 10.1091/mbc.10.1.35 9880325 PMC25152 · DOI
- Farías G.G., Cuitino L., Guo X., Ren X., Jarnik M., Mattera R., and Bonifacino J.S. 2012 Signal-mediated, AP-1/clathrin-dependent sorting of transmembrane receptors to the somatodendritic domain of hippocampal neurons. Neuron. 75: 810– 823. 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.07.007 22958822 PMC3439821 · DOI · Paper page
- Fölsch H., Pypaert M., Schu P., and Mellman I. 2001 Distribution and function of AP-1 clathrin adaptor complexes in polarized epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 152: 595– 606. 10.1083/jcb.152.3.595 11157985 PMC2195989 · DOI
- Greenberg M.E., Iafrate A.J., and Skowronski J. 1998 The SH3 domain-binding surface and an acidic motif in HIV-1 Nef regulate trafficking of class I MHC complexes. EMBO J. 17: 2777– 2789. 10.1093/emboj/17.10.2777 9582271 PMC1170618 · DOI
- Guimaraes C.P., Carette J.E., Varadarajan M., Antos J., Popp M.W., Spooner E., Brummelkamp T.R., and Ploegh H.L. 2011 Identification of host cell factors required for intoxication through use of modified cholera toxin. J. Cell Biol. 195: 751– 764. 10.1083/jcb.201108103 22123862 PMC3257576 · DOI
- Harasaki K., Lubben N.B., Harbour M., Taylor M.J., and Robinson M.S. 2005 Sorting of major cargo glycoproteins into clathrin-coated vesicles. Traffic. 6: 1014– 1026. 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00341.x 16190982 · DOI
- Hirst J., Borner G.H.H., Antrobus R., Peden A.A., Hodson N.A., Sahlender D.A., and Robinson M.S. 2012 Distinct and overlapping roles for AP-1 and GGAs revealed by the “knocksideways” system. Curr. Biol. 22: 1711– 1716. 10.1016/j.cub.2012.07.012 22902756 PMC3485558 · DOI · Paper page
- Hirst J., Edgar J.R., Borner G.H.H., Li S., Sahlender D.A., Antrobus R., and Robinson M.S. 2015 Contributions of epsinR and gadkin to clathrin-mediated intracellular trafficking. Mol. Biol. Cell. 26: 3085– 3103. 10.1091/mbc.E15-04-0245 26179914 PMC4551321 · DOI
- Hsu P.D., Scott D.A., Weinstein J.A., Ran F.A., Konermann S., Agarwala V., Li Y., Fine E.J., Wu X., Shalem O., 2013 DNA targeting specificity of RNA-guided Cas9 nucleases. Nat. Biotechnol. 31: 827– 832. 10.1038/nbt.2647 23873081 PMC3969858 · DOI · Paper page
- Jia X., Singh R., Homann S., Yang H., Guatelli J., and Xiong Y. 2012 Structural basis of evasion of cellular adaptive immunity by HIV-1 Nef. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 19: 701– 706. 10.1038/nsmb.2328 22705789 PMC3407041 · DOI
- Jones B.G., Thomas L., Molloy S.S., Thulin C.D., Fry M.D., Walsh K.A., and Thomas G. 1995 Intracellular trafficking of furin is modulated by the phosphorylation state of a casein kinase II site in its cytoplasmic tail. EMBO J. 14: 5869– 5883. 8846780 PMC394705
- Kasper M.R., Roeth J.F., Williams M., Filzen T.M., Fleis R.I., and Collins K.L. 2005 HIV-1 Nef disrupts antigen presentation early in the secretory pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 280: 12840– 12848. 10.1074/jbc.M413538200 15653685 · DOI
- Kozik P., Francis R.W., Seaman M.N.J., and Robinson M.S. 2010 A screen for endocytic motifs. Traffic. 11: 843– 855. 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2010.01056.x 20214754 PMC2882754 · DOI
- Kozik P., Hodson N.A., Sahlender D.A., Simecek N., Soromani C., Wu J., Collinson L.M., and Robinson M.S. 2013 A human genome-wide screen for regulators of clathrin-coated vesicle formation reveals an unexpected role for the V-ATPase. Nat. Cell Biol. 15: 50– 60. 10.1038/ncb2652 23263279 PMC3588604 · DOI
- Le Gall S., Erdtmann L., Benichou S., Berlioz-Torrent C., Liu L., Benarous R., Heard J.M., and Schwartz O. 1998 Nef interacts with the mu subunit of clathrin adaptor complexes and reveals a cryptic sorting signal in MHC I molecules. Immunity. 8: 483– 495. 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80553-1 9586638 · DOI
- Lubben N.B., Sahlender D.A., Motley A.M., Lehner P.J., Benaroch P., and Robinson M.S. 2007 HIV-1 Nef-induced down-regulation of MHC class I requires AP-1 and clathrin but not PACS-1 and is impeded by AP-2. Mol. Biol. Cell. 18: 3351– 3365. 10.1091/mbc.E07-03-0218 17581864 PMC1951775 · DOI
- Maerki S., Olma M.H., Staubli T., Steigemann P., Gerlich D.W., Quadroni M., Sumara I., and Peter M. 2009 The Cul3-KLHL21 E3 ubiquitin ligase targets aurora B to midzone microtubules in anaphase and is required for cytokinesis. J. Cell Biol. 187: 791– 800. 10.1083/jcb.200906117 19995937 PMC2806313 · DOI
- Matheson N.J., Sumner J., Wals K., Rapiteanu R., Weekes M.P., Vigan R., Weinelt J., Schindler M., Antrobus R., Costa A.S., 2015 Cell surface proteomic map of HIV infection reveals antagonism of amino acid metabolism by Vpu and Nef. Cell Host Microbe. 18: 409– 423. 10.1016/j.chom.2015.09.003 26439863 PMC4608997 · DOI
- Meyer C., Zizioli D., Lausmann S., Eskelinen E.L., Hamann J., Saftig P., von Figura K., and Schu P. 2000 mu1A-adaptin-deficient mice: lethality, loss of AP-1 binding and rerouting of mannose 6-phosphate receptors. EMBO J. 19: 2193– 2203. 10.1093/emboj/19.10.2193 10811610 PMC384363 · DOI · Paper page
- Meyer C., Eskelinen E.L., Guruprasad M.R., von Figura K., and Schu P. 2001 Mu 1A deficiency induces a profound increase in MPR300/IGF-II receptor internalization rate. J. Cell Sci. 114: 4469– 4476. 11792812
- Michaux G., Dyer C.E., Nightingale T.D., Gallaud E., Nurrish S., and Cutler D.F. 2011 A role for Rab10 in von Willebrand factor release discovered by an AP-1 interactor screen in C. elegans. J. Thromb. Haemost. 9: 392– 401. 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.04138.x 21070595 · DOI
- Miller S.E., Collins B.M., McCoy A.J., Robinson M.S., and Owen D.J. 2007 A SNARE-adaptor interaction is a new mode of cargo recognition in clathrin-coated vesicles. Nature. 450: 570– 574. 10.1038/nature06353 18033301 · DOI
- Motley A., Bright N.A., Seaman M.N.J., and Robinson M.S. 2003 Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in AP-2-depleted cells. J. Cell Biol. 162: 909– 918. 10.1083/jcb.200305145 12952941 PMC2172830 · DOI
- Neil S.J., Zang T., and Bieniasz P.D. 2008 Tetherin inhibits retrovirus release and is antagonized by HIV-1 Vpu. Nature. 451: 425– 430. 10.1038/nature06553 18200009 · DOI
- Ohno H., Tomemori T., Nakatsu F., Okazaki Y., Aguilar R.C., Foelsch H., Mellman I., Saito T., Shirasawa T., and Bonifacino J.S. 1999 Mu1B, a novel adaptor medium chain expressed in polarized epithelial cells. FEBS Lett. 449: 215– 220. 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00432-9 10338135 · DOI
- Owen D.J., and Evans P.R. 1998 A structural explanation for the recognition of tyrosine-based endocytotic signals. Science. 282: 1327– 1332. 10.1126/science.282.5392.1327 9812899 PMC5600252 · DOI
- Page L.J., and Robinson M.S. 1995 Targeting signals and subunit interactions in coated vesicle adaptor complexes. J. Cell Biol. 131: 619– 630. 10.1083/jcb.131.3.619 7593184 PMC2120623 · DOI
- Peden A.A., Rudge R.E., Lui W.W., and Robinson M.S. 2002 Assembly and function of AP-3 complexes in cells expressing mutant subunits. J. Cell Biol. 156: 327– 336. 10.1083/jcb.200107140 11807095 PMC2199225 · DOI
- Ren X., Park S.Y., Bonifacino J.S., and Hurley J.H. 2014 How HIV-1 Nef hijacks the AP-2 clathrin adaptor to downregulate CD4. eLife. 3: e01754 10.7554/eLife.01754 24473078 PMC3901399 · DOI
- Robinson M.S. 2015 Forty years of clathrin-coated vesicles. Traffic. 16: 1210– 1238. 10.1111/tra.12335 26403691 · DOI
- Robinson J.S., Klionsky D.J., Banta L.M., and Emr S.D. 1988 Protein sorting in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: isolation of mutants defective in the delivery and processing of multiple vacuolar hydrolases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8: 4936– 4948. 10.1128/MCB.8.11.4936 3062374 PMC365587 · DOI
- Roeth J.F., Williams M., Kasper M.R., Filzen T.M., and Collins K.L. 2004 HIV-1 Nef disrupts MHC-I trafficking by recruiting AP-1 to the MHC-I cytoplasmic tail. J. Cell Biol. 167: 903– 913. 10.1083/jcb.200407031 15569716 PMC2172469 · DOI
- Sano H., Roach W.G., Peck G.R., Fukuda M., and Lienhard G.E. 2008 Rab10 in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation. Biochem. J. 411: 89– 95. 10.1042/BJ20071318 18076383 · DOI
- Schindler M., Würfl S., Benaroch P., Greenough T.C., Daniels R., Easterbrook P., Brenner M., Münch J., and Kirchhoff F. 2003 Down-modulation of mature major histocompatibility complex class II and up-regulation of invariant chain cell surface expression are well-conserved functions of human and simian immunodeficiency virus nef alleles. J. Virol. 77: 10548– 10556. 10.1128/JVI.77.19.10548-10556.2003 12970439 PMC228419 · DOI
- Shen Q.T., Ren X., Zhang R., Lee I.H., and Hurley J.H. 2015 HIV-1 Nef hijacks clathrin coats by stabilizing AP-1:Arf1 polygons. Science. 350: aac5137 10.1126/science.aac5137 26494761 PMC4638387 · DOI
- Shi A., Liu O., Koenig S., Banerjee R., Chen C.C., Eimer S., and Grant B.D. 2012 RAB-10-GTPase-mediated regulation of endosomal phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 109: E2306– E2315. 10.1073/pnas.1205278109 22869721 PMC3435156 · DOI
- Simpson F., Bright N.A., West M.A., Newman L.S., Darnell R.B., and Robinson M.S. 1996 A novel adaptor-related protein complex. J. Cell Biol. 133: 749– 760. 10.1083/jcb.133.4.749 8666661 PMC2120832 · DOI
- Stamnes M.A., and Rothman J.E. 1993 The binding of AP-1 clathrin adaptor particles to Golgi membranes requires ADP-ribosylation factor, a small GTP-binding protein. Cell. 73: 999– 1005. 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90277-W 8500185 · DOI · Paper page
- Tafesse F.G., Guimaraes C.P., Maruyama T., Carette J.E., Lory S., Brummelkamp T.R., and Ploegh H.L. 2014 GPR107, a G-protein-coupled receptor essential for intoxication by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A, localizes to the Golgi and is cleaved by furin. J. Biol. Chem. 289: 24005– 24018. 10.1074/jbc.M114.589275 25031321 PMC4148833 · DOI
- Usami Y., Wu Y., and Göttlinger H.G. 2015 SERINC3 and SERINC5 restrict HIV-1 infectivity and are counteracted by Nef. Nature. 526: 218– 223. 10.1038/nature15400 26416733 PMC4600458 · DOI
- Voorhees P., Deignan E., van Donselaar E., Humphrey J., Marks M.S., Peters P.J., and Bonifacino J.S. 1995 An acidic sequence within the cytoplasmic domain of furin functions as a determinant of trans-Golgi network localization and internalization from the cell surface. EMBO J. 14: 4961– 4975. 7588625 PMC394599
- Wan L., Molloy S.S., Thomas L., Liu G., Xiang Y., Rybak S.L., and Thomas G. 1998 PACS-1 defines a novel gene family of cytosolic sorting proteins required for trans-Golgi network localization. Cell. 94: 205– 216. 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81420-8 9695949 · DOI
- Wieffer M., Cibrián Uhalte E., Posor Y., Otten C., Branz K., Schütz I., Mössinger J., Schu P., Abdelilah-Seyfried S., Krauß M., and Haucke V. 2013 PI4K2β/AP-1-based TGN-endosomal sorting regulates Wnt signaling. Curr. Biol. 23: 2185– 2190. 10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.017 24206846 · DOI
- Williams M., Roeth J.F., Kasper M.R., Filzen T.M., and Collins K.L. 2005 Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef domains required for disruption of major histocompatibility complex class I trafficking are also necessary for coprecipitation of Nef with HLA-A2. J. Virol. 79: 632– 636. 10.1128/JVI.79.1.632-636.2005 15596859 PMC538737 · DOI
- Wonderlich E.R., Williams M., and Collins K.L. 2008 The tyrosine binding pocket in the adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) mu1 subunit is necessary for Nef to recruit AP-1 to the major histocompatibility complex class I cytoplasmic tail. J. Biol. Chem. 283: 3011– 3022. 10.1074/jbc.M707760200 18073204 · DOI
- Wonderlich E.R., Leonard J.A., Kulpa D.A., Leopold K.E., Norman J.M., and Collins K.L. 2011 ADP ribosylation factor 1 activity is required to recruit AP-1 to the major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) cytoplasmic tail and disrupt MHC-I trafficking in HIV-1-infected primary T cells. J. Virol. 85: 12216– 12226. 10.1128/JVI.00056-11 21917951 PMC3209341 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tan, J. Z. A., Fourriere, L., Wang, J., Perez, F., Boncompain, G., & Gleeson, P. A. (2020) · Molecular Biology of the Cell · doi:10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0487 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
- Authors
- Navarro Negredo, P., Edgar, J. R., Wrobel, A. G., Zaccai, N. R., Antrobus, R., Owen, D. J., & Robinson, M. S.
- Affiliations
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, UK
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Robinson, Margaret S.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Cell Biology
- Publisher
- Rockefeller University Press
- Published
- 2017-07-25
- Volume
- 216
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2927-2943
- ISSN
- 0021-9525 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-8140
- PMC
- PMC5584140
- OpenAlex
- W2736608801
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Journal of Cell Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (086598)
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (100140)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ubiquitin and proteasome pathways
- Keywords
- clathrin-coated vesicles, HIV-1 Nef, MHC class I downregulation, tyrosine-based motif, cargo sorting, host-virus interaction
- MeSH terms
- Flow Cytometry, Genotype, HeLa Cells, Humans, Models, Molecular, Mutation, Phenotype, Protein Binding, Structure-Activity Relationship, Time Factors, Transfection, Histocompatibility Antigens Class I, HIV-1, Protein Transport, Clathrin-Coated Vesicles, Adaptor Protein Complex 1, Adaptor Protein Complex mu Subunits, nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Gene Knockdown Techniques, HEK293 Cells, CRISPR-Cas Systems
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review