Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 423

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

THE VIOLOGEN INDICATORS

Open access
Michaelis, L., Hill, Edgar S.·1933·Journal of General Physiology

Abstract

The tabulation gives the normal potentials of the various indicators at 30°C.; referred to the normal hydrogen electrode, the accuracy is estimated to be ±0.002 volt. Normal potentials of the viologens at 30°C.: Methyl viologen –0.446 volts Ethyl viologen –0.449 volts Betaine viologen –0.444 volts Benzyl viologen –0.359 volts Supposing some solution brings about a coloration of one of these indicators to the extent of A per cent of the maximum color, the oxidation-reduction potential of this solution is E = Eo – 0.06 log See PDF for Equation where Eo is the normal potential according to the above tabulation. This normal potential is independent of pH.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1085/jgp.16.6.859

Cites

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Metadata

Authors
Michaelis, L., & Hill, E. S.
Venue
Journal of General Physiology
Published
1933-07-20
Volume
16
Issue
6
Pages
859-873
ISSN
  • 0022-1295 (ISSN-L)
  • 1540-7748
OpenAlex
W2129483968
Cited by
423
References
0
FWCI
6.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: THE VIOLOGEN INDICATORS. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1085/jgp.16.6.859
The paper
Michaelis, L., & Hill, E. S. (1933). THE VIOLOGEN INDICATORS. Journal of General Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1085/jgp.16.6.859

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.